Nature Presented in Multiple Ways Research Paper

Nature Presented in Multiple Ways - Research Paper Example Nature has been said to inspire awe, it has been cited as having all the power and has been seen to be filled with a beauty that can only be referred to as being dangerous. Nature has also been said to have fences which humans being cannot be able to transverse, whether the task is too daunting for the emotions or impossible for the physical body. "For my part I feel that with regard to Nature I live sort of a border life, on the confines of a world into which I make occasional and transient forays only. . ." (Thoreau, 1862) This seems to be the notion that Thoreau tended to exemplify in â€Å"Walking†. Thoreau further said that due to these confines of nature, human beings were more or less insignificant and that their existence amidst the very nature was largely untenable. Nor need we trouble ourselves to speculate how the human race may be at last destroyed. It would be easy to cut their threads any time with a little sharper blast from the north. We go on dating from Cold Fridays and Great Snows; but a little colder Friday, or greater snow would put a period to man's existence on the globe (Thoreau, 1862). The sentiments expressed by Thoreau are largely drawn from the belief by Jonathan Edwards that nature has the forces in which God aims to show his glory to mankind. Therefore, in case we go against what nature desires from us, then it can be ruthless. Here, human beings are being cautioned to appreciate nature and to follow the rules of natural justice. Among the many qualities of nature is its elusiveness. Thoreau and Emerson claim that many people lack the capacity to grasp the massiveness of nature. In many cases, nature, excluding what people perceive physically is considered infinite. There is a thrill therefore in chasing the elusiveness of nature in attempting to understand its dynamics and it a bid to discover what others have not about it. Although both philosophers felt that they were so close to reaching the periphery of nature, they could not quite do that but this only aided in their push for that elusive fact that would tell them apart from the others. The enigma of such an endeavor can only be

Six Simple Ways to Go Green Essay Example for Free

Six Simple Ways to Go Green Essay These days it seems you can`t even go two hours without seeing or hearing something about being green, whether it`s an advertisement for an Earth-friendly product, news about an environmentally-sound investment, a report about a business or community that`s taking steps to be more eco-conscious, or just general advice on how to save the planet. Going green isn`t just the latest trend though; it`s something we all must do to conserve resources, combat climate change, and preserve our planet for generations to come. Here are six easy-but essential-things you can do to green your lifestyle (and save a little cash too:) 1. Green Clean Your House: Conventional household cleaners and bug-killers can contain as many as 200 industrial compounds, pollutants, and other chemicals. These harmful toxins are dangerous for you, your children and your animal companions, as well as harmful to the environment. Chemicals in cleaning products have even been implicated in Parkinson`s disease, infertility, brain damage, cancer, and other health problems. It`s safer and greener to buy only organic, all-natural cleaning products. Many natural, cruelty-free cleaning products are available in many supermarkets and drugstores. Thrifty cleaners can also make their own green cleaning supplies with everyday, inexpensive ingredients like baking soda, borax, cornstarch, and white distilled vinegar, which is effective for killing bacteria and germs. 2. Garden with a Green Thumb: Americans use approximately 80 million pounds of pesticides in their gardens every year. Like chemical-cleaners, pesticides and synthetic fertilizers pose a threat to you and your loved ones, and the environment in general. Instead, use compost and plant native plants, which have adapted to the environment and require less water and attention, in your garden. By composting you can recycle your yard and kitchen wastes (even your dinner scraps) to fertilize your own garden. This saves you time and money and helps the environment. 3. Don`t Be in the Dark About Green Light Bulbs: Compact fluorescent light bulbs are energy-efficient, long-lasting, and cost-effective. They can be purchased at most hardware stores and cost under $4 each. If you use compact fluorescent light bulbs instead of standard incandescent ones, you`ll not only help save the environment, but you`ll also save around $30 on your electric bill. 4. Curb Consumerism: Do you really need more knick-knacks, techno-toys, fad fashions, and stuff that will ultimately land in a landfill? Cutting back on unnecessary purchases not only helps save landfill space (and all the materials needed to make the must-have merchandise), but it will also save you money for more important things. When you do go shopping bring along reusable canvas shopping bags. Every year Americans use up to 100 billion plastic bags, which equals about 12 million barrels of oil. Some stores offer a small discount if you bring your own bag, and by not using a non-biodegradable, petroleum-based plastic bag, you can help save wildlife. Thousands of animals choke to death on plastic bags, thinking they are food. 5. Eat Green: If you want to be green, it`s important to eat green-vegetarian, that is. Meatless Mondays or Thursdays, or what have you, are a great start. The less meat you eat the more you help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, curb pollution, and conserve water, land, fossil fuels, and other resources. Consider this: *A United Nations report revealed that the meat, egg, and dairy industries are responsible for more greenhouse gasses than all the cars, SUVs, ships, tractor trailers, trains, and jumbo jets combined. According to the Live Earth concert handbook, refusing meat is the single most effective thing you can do to reduce your carbon footprint. Researchers with the University of Chicago even report that going vegan is 50% more effective in stopping global warming than switching to a hybrid car. *The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) says that run-off from factory farms pollutes our waterways more than all other industrial sources combined. The EPA also reports that about 80 percent of ammonia emissions in America come from animal waste. *It takes more than 4,000 gallons of water per day to produce food for a meat-eater; only 300 gallons of water a day are needed to produce food for a vegan. Nearly 80 percent of the agricultural land in the U.S. is used to raise animals for food. E: The Environmental Magazine has reported that more than one-third of all fossil fuels produced in the U.S. are used to raise animals for food. 6. Buy Local: If you buy locally-grown fruits and veggies rather than produce that has been trucked across the country, you can help conserve fossil fuels and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and other harmful pollutants released into the air. Buying produce from a local farmer`s market also supports local farmers, who often do not use as many harmful chemicals and waxes on the food they grow. You can usually find your local produce cheaper at the Farmer`s Market than in the grocery store.

19th Century Theories in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment Essay

19th Century Theories in Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment "I teach you the Superman. Man is something that has to be surpassed. What have you done to surpass him?" These words said by Friedrich Nietzsche encompass the theories present in Dostoevsky's nineteenth century novel, Crime and Punishment. Fyodor Dostoevsky, living a life of suffering himself, created the character of Raskolnikov with the preconceptions of his own sorrowful and struggling life. Throughout his exile in Siberia from 1849-1859, his sentiments of suffering, sorrow, and the common man surfaced and heightened, inspiring him to begin writing Crime and Punishment in 1859. The main motif in this novel is that of suffering. It is apparent that all characters, major and minor, experience some sort of internal or external affliction. The overall theme of the work is that all mortal men suffer, and that salvation can not be obtained unless this anguish is present. Dostoevsky's protagonist, Raskolnikov, must evolve and realize this fact to overcome his conflicts and reach the salvation of peace and tranquillity. Volumes and volumes of critique can be written on where this suffering originated, but Dostoevsky's main concentration and focus is not where, but why suffering must exist and how this suffering can be overcome. This is seen from the fact that throughout the six sections of the novel, only one section is focused on the origin of the torment - the Crime, and the remaining five sections are concentrated on Raskolnikov's path to overcoming this anguish - the Punishment. By focusing solely on the punishment, the internal an... ... all serve a justified purpose in benefiting his moral and rational states. He overcomes the common man through the salvation he obtains from this linear evolution of trials. He suffers not from Marxist classes, but from internal struggle, excluding him as a member of the proletariat, or common man. Though not physically or emotionally fit to survive, his confession becomes his salvation, his survival, and his disclaimer in the Darwin theory of surviving. The common man may survive because he is fit to survive, but Raskolnikov survives because he chooses to survive. Unlike Freud's theory that the everyday man lives his life through his ego, Raskolnikov makes his decisions based on his superego, doing things not just because it would be rational, but because that it the way it should be done. So then, "Is Raskolnikov a Superman?" Yes.

The Design Argument – as Level

Outline the Key Concepts of the Design Argument [21 marks] The design argument is also referred to at the Teleological Argument stemmed from the Greek work ‘Telos’ meaning end or purpose. It is an ‘A posterior’ argument (from experience) based on our empirical senses and it is synthetic meaning that it is from observation. The argument is also inductive meaning there a number of possible conclusions. The main basis of the Teleological argument is based on a designer commonly known as ‘the classical God of theism’ (hereafter referred to as God)The outline of the design argument is that the universe has order and purpose and is regular, the complexities of the universe demonstrate some form of design, a design requires a designer, and this designer is God. This however is an inductive leap meaning that the Design argument is valid but not sound. The key concepts of the argument are that the universe has order, there are laws and regularities, the universe has purpose, and therefore the objects in the universe appear to work towards and end or purpose.The universe has benefit, meaning that it provides all that is necessary for life and more and finally, the suitability for human life, as the Universe provides ideal environments and conditions for human life to exist and flourish. Like the cosmological argument, the design argument goes back to Plato, who stated that the human body, with all its particles and elements, must owe its origin to ‘the royal mind soul and mind in the nature of Zeus’.The theory of the Design argument was first put forward by Socrates who was a Greek Philosopher who lived in 400 BC, one of the main strengths of Socrates proposing this theory is this means it is a Pre Christian idea and also that it has withstood the test of time. Socrates said ‘With such signs of forethought in the design of living creatures how can there be any doubt that they are the work of choice or design. â₠¬â„¢ Thomas Aquinas who lived in the 13th century furthered the idea of Socrates Design Argument; he wrote a book called the ‘Summa Theologica’ and was strongly influenced by Aristotle.Aquinas rejected the possibility of an infinite regress of movers and causes to explain the existence of movers and causes to explain the existence of mutable beings. Aquinas proposed 5 ways to prove the existence of God, the unmoved mover, the uncaused case, Possibility and Necessity, Goodness Truth and Nobility and the Teleological Argument. He called these the fifth way and is ‘’from the governance of things’’. Aquinas also proposed the theory of design qua regularity, ‘That we call God’.Aquinas maintained that since such behaviour patterns rarely change, and their end result is beneficial, there must be a purpose to them, and if non-rational beings can work towards such a goal, something must be directing them to do so. ‘Now whatever lacks knowledge cannot move towards an end, unless directed, and this being we call God. ’ He also championed the Analogy of the arrow directed by the archer showing that in order for something to end somewhere, there must be someone causing the movement, the arrow could not have ended us on the board on its own.William Paley, an 18th Century Philosopher continued to develop the principles of the Design argument, showing many more extended features to Socrates original concept. Paley championed the theory of design qua purpose and that a design requires a designer. ‘’The world is too complex and well-designed to have come about by chance. It seems to have been planned by an intelligent mind for a special purpose. ’’ For Paley, the world is like a machine made up of intricate parts, all of which worked towards an end for the benefit of the whole. Paley proposed the analogy of the watch and the watch maker. ’Suppose you had never seen a watch before . One day when you are out walking, you find one on the ground. You would instantly see how complex it is. ’’ His theory was that if you came across a watch then it is so intricate therefore it must have been designed. Therefore the universe is so fine-tuned that there must have been a designer for this too. It is obvious that both are not there by chance. Another analogy for this is the eye is designed so well for the purpose of seeing. A designer gave each part of the universe a special purpose. Paley makes the inductive leap to say that this designer is God.The Anthropic principle is a key feature of the Design argument and suits the theory of Design qua Regularity proposed by F. R. Tennant showing that science and religion are one in the same. He argues that human life flourishes on earth, therefore there must have been a supreme designer, that designer being God. Tennant accepts the scientific reasoning of evolution as a fine balance of ‘’fine tuningà ¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and God’s chosen way to support life. Tennant also argues that ‘’the world could so easily have been chaotic’’ and that ‘’the universe is not chaotic, nature is the outcome of intelligent design. ’ Others argue that the earth runs so smoothly and everything works together therefore ‘’The world is compatible with a single throw of a dice and common sense is not foolish in suspecting the dice has been loaded’’ cited by Vardy. James Lovelock of the 20th century furthered the anthropic principle in ways of the Gaia Hypothesis, ‘’engineering on a planetary scale’’ cited by Vardy. He suggests that the oxygen content in the air, the salt content in the sea and the temperature of the earth are all precise in order for human life to flourish.If the oxygen content in the air were to be 12% less no fire would be able to burn, if the oxygen content were 25% more, then no f ire would ever go out, however over the last 25 million years, the oxygen content has remained at 21% which is perfect to sustain human life. One other person who championed the idea of the Anthropic principle is Arthur Brown from the 20th century, he says that science shows the way in which a designer chose to design, †The ozone gas layer is mighty proof of the creators forethought†¦ Just the right thickness and exactly the correct defence, gives evidence of a plan. ‘ However there are two type of Anthropic principle, the weak Anthropic principle states that conditions on the earth were such that human life adapted to the conditions, for example evolution. The strong anthropic principle revolves around conditions being set up for human life to be introduced, for example a Baby's nursery being all ready for the baby to be introduced into it. In 1986 Freeman Dyson said â€Å"in the universe there are many accidents of physics and astronomy that have worked together for our benefit, it almost seems as if the universe knew we were coming. The weak anthropic principle however states that human life adapted to the conditions of the earth, for example, by way of evolution. This does not eliminate that Evolution means that there was no divine power involved, in the 19th century Archbishop Temple stated â€Å"The doctrine of evolution leaves the argument for an intelligent creator†¦ stronger than it was before. † In the 20th century, Tennant worked alongside Taylor in proposing the aesthetic principle which observes that the universe possess a natural beauty that goes beyond that which is necessary to live.For example art, literature, music all contribute in making the world a nicer place for us to live, we would be able to live without these things however F. R Tennant observes that ‘Nature is not just beautiful in places it is saturated with beauty†¦ from an intelligent point of view beauty seems to be superfluous to have lit tle survival value. ‘ Another example of the aesthetic principle is shown within people and the example of Weary Dunlop, cited by Vardy. Weary Dunlop was an Australian Doctor during World War II who cared for thousands of injured soldiers who showed endless compassion and love.This example shows that humans are not selfish, leading to an intelligent designer creating some humans to have beauty beyond what is necessary. Franciscan Theology also supports the aesthetic principle and stresses the idea of beauty and the beauty within creation; this therefore leads to a direct pointer of God's nature, showing an omnibenevolent and numinous experience. In the 20th century Richard Swinburne furthered the argument of God due to that of Design, by developing the argument of probability as a key concept.He furthered a statement made by Socrates, ‘with such signs of forethought in the design of living creature, how can there be doubt that they are the work of choice or design. †™ Swinburne suggested that the evidence of design and the order in the universe increases the probability of the existence of God. He states that a belief in God is compatible with science. This is due to the theory that without a designer the universe could have been chaotic, the universe seems to be governed therefore order is present, order is more probable and the probability for design is much greater than that of chance.Swinburne uses the parable of the card shuffling machine to show that if a man was locked in a room with 10 card shuffling machines and unless the ten machines all chose an ace of hearts from each of the packs, he would die, however the machine chooses an ace of hearts from each pack. Swinburne says it would not be adequate for the victim to claim that no explanation of the draw is required here. You would have expected the card machines to have been designed that way as the chances of this happening are seemingly almost impossible.Swinburne uses this parable to even say that ‘’the very succession of science is showing us how deeply ordered the natural world is’’ and that ‘’science provides strong grounds for believing that there is a deeper cause in that order. ’’ Harold Morowitz thought that the chances of the universe being ordered in such a way would be the equivalent of throwing four billion penny pieces into the air and all of them landing ‘heads up’. William Ockham developed the theory of Ockham’s razor, and even though not specifically to do with the design argument, he states that ‘’the simplest explanation is usually the best explanation’.Fred Hoyle continued Swinburne’s probability as a way of explaining a need for a designer by proposing that the probability that the universe developed by chance is much the same as if a whirlwind flew threw and junkyard and assembling a Boeing 747. Even though Kant rejects the idea of the des ign argument he even states that ‘it is the oldest, the clearest and most accordant with the common reason of mankind’ and that ‘this proof always deserves to be mentioned with respect’. b. Comment on the view that the strengths outweigh the weaknesses [9 marks]The teleological argument contains many opponents who have found weaknesses within its theory. Epicurus, a Greek Philosopher devised the Epicuran Hypothesis, stating that the universe has come about only by chance and that a number of particles floating around in space, at some point these particles formed together to create a universe, due to there being enough time for the combination of particles to make a universe. He rejects Swinburne’s theory of probability and believes that the chaotic state, by chance, led to order.Sarah Tyler explains this theory in ways of monkeys and typewriters in saying that if an ‘infinite number of monkeys’ were to be given an ‘infinite amount of typewriters’, in time they would eventually ‘produce the entire works of Shakespeare’. However, in my opinion, judging by Epicuran Hypothesis and then Swinburne’s theory of probability, I believe that the strength of Swinburne’s argument outweighs that of Epicurus. Neither can be proven however with what humans know today, Swinburne’s development somewhat seems more probable in explaining how the universe began.I believe that the strengths in this case outweigh the weaknesses of the design argument. The main critic of the Design argument was David Hume in the 18th century, who was an empiricist, therefore based all his arguments of proof. He does not reject the idea of God, however fails to make the inductive leap from having a designer to that designer being God. He says that ‘the world was only the first rude essay of some infant deity who abandoned it afterwards. ’ Hume believes that if there is a God that this God is not necessarily what humans assume him to be, if he is even still in existence.Hume also believes that there could have been a ‘co-operative of lesser god. ’ For example a man who claims he builds his own house does not actually build it but requires others to do the work for him, e. g. a carpenter, electrician. Hume states that humans ‘assume’ what is going on outside the world and beyond, yet we cannot know. Another rejection of the design argument from Hume is that he says the world around us is not perfect yet religious believers claim that God is perfect and unlimited in every way, therefore if a perfect God designed the world, why isn’t it perfect?Hume then furthered his rejection of the Design argument by refuting the use of analogies by saying that they are unsound because God is beyond human understanding therefore anyone who uses Analogies is supporting anthropomorphism and likening God to a human or object, therefore making God less divine. Hu me also says that the world is natural like an animal or vegetables, it is organic and it grows changes and moves. Hume continues to say ‘the world is more organic than mechanic’, likening the world to a carrot. Hume does have many more criticisms on the Design Argument however his main problem with it is due to the inductive leap.Other criticisms of his include not assuming the laws of cause and effect. In my opinion, Hume’s argument for the weaknesses of the design argument is a very strong argument as he considers the theory of God when proposing his ideas. No other person has been able to challenge Hume’s criticism that if the world is not perfect then God cannot be omnipotent, omnibenevolent and omniscient, leading to a gap in the inconsistent triad of God. In my opinion I think that this weakness does have an impact on all other strengths as it is the only one hat I can definitely say is a valid argument and makes sense to me. Another person who oppo ses the Design argument is J. S. Mill in the 19th century, who furthered the work of Hume and goes contrary to the idea of the world being an ordered, beautiful and harmonious place. He looks at the problem of suffering and that as there is so much in the world, this goes against the idea of an all loving, all powerful God. He states that if there were a designer God, he would have control over cosmic forces. ‘’Go straight to their end without regarding whom or what they crush in their road. ’ In my opinion, this weakness is fairly strong as the problem of evil demonstrates a limited God. A God that is wholly good or wholly powerful would not have created evil therefore it has to be one or the other. JS Mill personally believes that this God is good but not all powerful. Charles Darwin of the 19th century, wrote the book ‘Origin of Species’ is another person who refutes the design argument and provided an alternative explanation for the design of wor ld without reference to God, this is the theory of evolution and natural selection, ‘the survival of the fittest. However, I believe that Darwin’s theory of evolution is a weak argument against the existence of a God as it can also be placed into the category of the weak anthropic principle as the way God chose to introduce human beings; however we adapted to the conditions over time. Therefore I believe that Paley as a proponent of the design argument, his theory of there being a designer to design the universe is a much stronger argument than Charles Darwin’s theory of Evolution as there is no explanation as to where evolution began in the first place, so ultimately no conclusion.Richard Dawkins of the 20th century argues that Natural Selection give the appearance of design however we are mistaken into believing that this shows there must be a designer. He opposes Swinburne and Tennant and Taylor and says that nature is random, meaning the world was formed by c hance. He says that ‘’Biology is God’’ and people are lazy therefore made up this ‘’God of the Gaps’’. He says there is ‘’no more evidence for God then there is the Easter Bunny’ and that ‘life has no purpose’ and ‘God is a superfluous hypothesis’.I believe that this weakness to disprove the Design argument is weak as there is no evidence and is trying to disprove one of the earliest theories by comparing it to the Easter Bunny, therefore I feel that this weakness does not outweigh any of the strengths. A. J Ayre as another opponent said ‘unless we can say what the world is like without design we cannot conclude design’. Kant furthered this by saying the world could be chaotic but we perceive it as being ordered.To conclude this argument, the design argument is a religiously ambiguous and Paul Davies makes this clear by stating ‘’this is really a question of your threshold of conviction. It has to be a matter of personal taste whether you regard the accumulated evidence as compelling enough to want to make that inductive leap. ’’ The design argument is eschatologically verifiable. Many people however still are not convinced yet do not reject the argument fully, for example John Wisdom’s parable of the Gardener showing that everyone has different opinions on how the world was designed and has been maintained.John Lesley also says that ‘’if rocks had made by God stamped on them we would know it is made by God – they don’t’ therefore we can’t know for sure. In conclusion to the question of strengths and weaknesses I feel that for me, the strengths, even, though there may be fewer than weaknesses, their principles outweigh the number of weaknesses. I personally think that the design argument cannot thoroughly prove the existence of God; however it gives a clear indicator to a des igner.

Why Was the Treaty of Versailles so Unpopular in Germany?

Why was the Treaty of Versailles so unpopular in Germany? The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty that was drawn up by the Allies and Germany after the First World War. It was made to prevent Germany from starting a war again and to pay back the Allies for the money they had spent. The Germans had hoped that the Allies would treat them fairly in the negotiations for the treaty, but the Allies, in particular France, believed that Germany should be brought to its knees.France was not as satisfied as it would have liked, because Woodrow Wilson, who stood for America in the peace conferences, wanted those in power in Germany to be punished, rather than the German people. In the end, the treaty stated that Germany had to pay ? 6000,600,000,000 in reparations, they lost a lot of land (including the Ruhr Valley), they were stripped of their aircraft and air force, they only had six battleships and nothing else, they had no modern weapons, and they were only allowed 100,000 soldiers.Th e western part of Germany called the Rhineland was de-militarized (taken over by British and French troops and controlled by the Allies). Finally, Germany was made to accept that they were the ones who started the war. The Germans hated the treaty. They believed that they had been shamed globally, and they were humiliated. Germany had always been well known for having a strong army, and now they had only 100,000 soldiers, no modern weapons, only 6 battleships, and no navy or air force.The thousands of soldiers that were simply sent home from the Western Front were now unemployed, living in a country that was becoming poorer by the day, and wanted revenge. They believed that Germany could have won the war, but the new democratic government had taken their chance. They also stated that the country would be powerless against the smallest of nations. The Germans were also furious about the various terms of the Treaty. They hated Clause 231 – the ‘War Guilt’ clause â €“ which stated that Germany had caused ‘all the loss and damage’ of the war.Firstly, the Germans did not think that they had caused the war (for the Germans, the war was a war of self-defence against Russia, which had mobilised 31 July 1914). During the 1920s, the Germans published all their secret documents from 1914, to prove they had tried to stop the war. Secondly, the Germans hated clause 231 because accepting it gave the Allies the moral right to punish Germany – it validated all the harsh terms of the Treaty. The Germans also disliked the reparations, which were to be paid in instalments until 1984.They did not accept that Germany had caused all the damage. They felt that the huge sum was just designed to destroy their economy and starve their children. Most of all, they hated reparations because they too had rebuilding work to do. Germany’s economy was ruined, but, instead of being able to pump investment into German industry, the country had to send abroad huge sums of money that German industry was not yet strong enough to earn. Finally, the territorial terms of the Treaty of Versailles also made the Germans angry. Germany lost 10% of its land.The Saar was a valuable coalfield, and West Prussia and Upper Silesia were rich farming areas, so their loss further weakened Germany’s economy. The loss of the Polish Corridor separated East Prussia from Germany, and further damaged the German economy. Germany lost 16% of its coalfields and half its iron and steel industry. The loss of all Germany’s colonies was seen as the Allies building empires. The loss of Malmedy to Belgium, Schleswig to Denmark, Memel to Lithuania, Alsace-Lorraine to France was also a national humiliation. The Treaty of Versailles also stopped Germany joining with Austria.This seemed unfair to the Germans, because everywhere else in Europe, the Treaties of 1919–20 gave peoples self-determination, but they divided Germany, and put 12. 5 % of its population into other countries. The army believed that the government had betrayed them by signing the Treaty, and the political opposition backed this. A huge number of the German population were now against the new democratic government and the Treaty of Versailles, and it became known as the Versailles Diktat (the Treaty had been forced on the Germans). Becky Hutton

buy custom Promoting Child Development essay

buy custom Promoting Child Development essay Many researchers have conducted studies about children development and how they learn. Child development is the change that takes place from the age of one to twelve years and it has domains that include motor, cognitive, language, communication and social-emotional skills (Charlesworth 154). Learning is the interaction between a child and an adult to facilitate physical, social and emotional development (Holt 300). This paper will discuss the promotion of child development and learning in three different stages that include early, middle and late childhood according to the domains. EARLYCHILDHOOD(ONETOFOURYEARS) At the start of this age, the understanding of the child about the environment is under the influence of sight, touch and sound and as the child grows, the thinking process assimilate mental symbols and he starts to fantasize (Cath 87). The one-year-old child needs to master mobility while the older one wants to explore the environment and become independent. According to Anning, the one year old starts imitating sounds and gestures while the four year old has already mastered language skills and can effectively express his thoughts and ideas (45). The child starts realizing that he is separate from the parents or other caregivers and he begins to relate with people, who are not immediate family members. In order for the parent and caregiver to promote the child development at this stage, they need to understand and respect the domains of development at this stage. Parents and caregivers can promote the development of the child and facilitate learning. Cath explains that the domain of development at this stage include motor, cognitive, language, communication and social-emotional skills (80). Motor skill is the ability of a child to use muscles to seat, stand, or pick up something. Cognitive skill is the ability of a child to solve problems like exploring the environment or simple mathematics. Language and communication skill is the ability of a child to comprehend as well as use the language, while social-emotional is the ability to interact with other people and control himself (Anning 78). Motorskillsdevelopment.The physical ability of a child ranges from mild to aggressive activities like picking up objects and moving from one place to another (Charlesworth 32). The child is susceptible to environmental hazards, thus requires a safe environment and supervision so that he can move freely and avoid traumas. Many of the times, the environment in which a child resides, is unsafe. A parent can try to secure the home environment, but there can be pollution and overcrowding in the surrounding areas. Fabian states that health care providers, who are aware of the unfavorable environment, can support parents via finding surroundings that facilitate safe development of motor skills (32). Cognitiveskillsdevelopment. Cath explains that a child learns through play and if he experienced love before the age of one, he can explore the environment without any restriction (84). A child is usually egocentric because he lacks the cognitive ability of seeing things from the perspective of other people. His understanding of the environment has a positive relationship with language development because it depends on his ability to name and recall things found in the environment as well as communicating child's desires to significant others (Healy 220). According to Charlesworth, a child usually lives in a fantasy world and experiences difficulties in differentiating the real environment from the imaginary one (123). Parents and caregivers should motivate the child to live in a fantasy world if it is not creepy to him. According to a psychological study, Anning reports that some of the fantasies include imaginary friends and convoluted plays (86). The role of the parent and caregiver is to assist the child to distinguish between imaginary and real and facilitate the child's ability to think logically. In order to facilitate the aforementioned distinction and logical thinking, Johnsons states that parents, teachers and caregivers should provide an environment that is free from hazard so that the child can learn to explore (165). The child requires a chance of learning via experiments and planned attempts. At this stage, the child has endless questions, which puts the parents and caregivers to the test for patience and tolerance. The parent and caregivers should concede and respond to these questions in such a way that it does not only give the appropriate answer but also verifies and reinforces the curiosity of the child (Cath 82). Language and communication skills are imperative for the development of cognitive skills later in life (Anning 30). It will affect the way in which a child performs at school and interacts with others. Levine states that when a strong bond between the child and the parent exists , the child will be motivated to communicate starting by gestures followed by spoken language (124). In order to facilitate language development, the parent should play interactive games as well as read with the child. Languageandcommunicationskills.The three categories of language are speech, receptive and expressive languages (Charlesworth 132). Speech is the ability of a child to produce sound and it entail rhythm, eloquence and pronunciation. Receptive language is the childs ability to comprehend what he sees and hears. Expressing language is the ability of a child to pass information and ideas verbally through words and non-verbally through gestures. A child can have a problem in either of the aforementioned language categories. Johnsons explains that a parent should facilitate language development by exposing the child to books and loud reading before the formal training (36). The acquisition of a childs receptive and expressive language varies from age to age. At the age of one to two years, a child stops imitating sounds and acquires meaningful words like biscuit and play (Fabian 30). As a child repeats these words, he learns to use them in communication. At this stage, the child acquires expressive language by demonstrating an understanding of simple commands like run, come, drink and eat and can name common objects and people (Anning 76). The child strives to know how to communicate through gestures such as pointing and waving. According to the recent research, Levine explains that the desire to learn how to communicate indicates a normal language development and aparent should facilitate it by motivating the child with presents, for example sweets (48). At one and a half years, the child learns approximately ten new words daily and the trend continues up to four years. At the age of one and a half to two years, a child can identify nouns and comprehend straightforward questions (Maurice 89). The parent and caregiver should facilitate t he comprehension development by asking a child simple questions, an example of which is Where are you going. The child can also express himself via short phrases that contain a verb and a noun. At the age of three up to four years, the child knows basic grammar and he can pronounce words that people understand. Parents need to know the language development so that they provide an environment that facilitates learning. According to the research done, Levine explains that a parent can collaborate with health care professional so that he learns what is safe for the child (31). For instance, a child raised in a home, where people speak different kinds of languages, can learn and communicate effectively in all the languages used at home (Johnsons 86). In case the child experiences a language delay, the parent should let him learn the caregivers language. This is because the child spends most of his time with the caregiver. In another study, Levine reports that although language develops irrespective of the environmental conditions, the family members and other people that the child interact with influence the language proficiency of the child (135). A child, who is raised in the environment where people speak rich in vocabularies language and play word games and rhymes, is likely to be proficient in language as well as social-emotional skills. Social-emotionalskills.The development of this skill depends on temperance, culture and individual difference. Johnsons explains that the temperance that the child exhibited while eating, playing or feeding affect his coping and adaptation mechanisms (123). The temperance is highly individual and varies from child to child. Some children become angry very fast, some are quiet, others are very reactive and some kids act quickly before they think. Parents and caregiver need to understand the variation in temperance so that they assist the child in developing emotionally and socially (Maurice 91). When a child has a confusing behavior, the parents should discuss it among themselves or with the caregiver in order to solve any conflicting problem. According to the research done, a parent, who intervenes when the child behavior is in conflict with the caregiver's and family members' lifestyle, is likely to avoid irresponsible social and emotional behavior of the child (Maurice 84). This wi ll prevent problems in the future as the child will develop into a person of good moral character and starts developing appropriate manners. The parent should not coerce the child but counsel him in a friendly way. The culture of a community contributes to the socialization process and it influences the social and emotional skills development of the child (Levine 32). Culture affects the way a parent and family members bring up a child. In some cultures, it is only the mother who can discipline a child, while in others every person in the community is responsible for the childs growth and development. According to the researches done, community members should be involved in the discipline process of a child so that he grows socially and emotionally according to the existing culture (Maurice 12). The community can also decide how a child should behave according to sex and gender roles. The child is usually faced with a number of issues concerning gender roles, morality and competition as he grows and develops among people with different cultures, values and beliefs (Fabian 38). Depending on the socialization process, the child can develop antisocial behavior in the worse case. Caregivers should assist the child to grow into a mature person by either disciplining him whenever he goes against the set values and principles or rewarding him when he is morally upright (Levine 45). Occasionally, the caregiver can take a child to recreational facilities where he can play games with other children because it facilitates social interaction and makes the child feel valued. Apsa conducted a retrospective study and reported that when children feel valued, they develop appropriate social and emotional skills (203). A parent should develop a healthy relationship with his child and value him so that he builds a strong emotional foundation and develops self-esteem. MIDDLECHILDHOOD(FIVETONINEYEARS) At this stage the child is stable and does not have dramatic behaviors that are noticeable in early childhood. The child develops skills that will prepare him for the late childhood stage. At this stage the family and caregivers should strengthen the emotional and cognitive skills of the child so that he can cope with the stresses associated with late childhood (Fabian 37). The parent and caregiver should assist the child in developing communication skills, becoming sensitive to others, forming a positive relationship and being independent. According to Johnsons, family members and the caregiver should support the physical development of the child by collaborating with the community (111). The family members and the community should ensure that the physical environment is free from hazards and a child can access safe playgrounds and recreational facilities. This will help the childs body as well as mind develop holistically. At this stage, the domains of development include motor, cognitive, language, communication and social-emotional skills (Anning 100). Motorskills. At this stage, there is gross improvement in motor coordination and the child becomes competent in physical abilities and can participate in sports (Cath 80). These activities facilitate positive interaction, thus parents should strive to promote healthy physical skills development. Johnsons states that parents should supervise the physical development of the child by monitoring growth and improvement through weight assessment (92). This is imperative in alleviation of overweight and underweight which is common at this stage. Maurice reports that the physical development of a child can interfere with cognitive development if the parent and caregiver do not monitor the child closely (15). Researches show that an undernourished child performs poorly at school because of ineffective cognition (Maurice 29)). Cognitiveskills.The child's ability to learn depends on cognition and experiences. At this stage, the child shifts from magical to logical thinking (Healy 217). The child can collect information and make sense from it by comparing and classifying it so that he understands the world in a conceptual manner. Parents and caregivers should promote logical thinking by giving the child a chance to observe and experiment (Anning 48). They can give him a drawing book where he can draft what he thinks. At this stage the child has abstract thinking and he uses objects to represent ideas (Levine 39). The representation enables the child to explore imaginative ideas and move from magical to rational thinking. Parents and caregivers should facilitate abstract thinking by allowing them to play games that they saw on television or draw pictures after reading a story. As the cognitive development of the child continues, his language and communication skills improve. Languageandcommunicationskills.The understanding of language and abstraction enhances the childs reading, writing and communication skills (Apsa 156). As the child develops, he is able to understand the people around him and become independent. Parents and health care providers should occasionally screen the child to ensure that he does not have development impairments, like learning and behavior problems, which are prevalent at this stage (Healy 200). A child can have a delay in language development or ineffective communication skills like stammering, which requires attention. At middle childhood stage, the child wants to be proficient in communication and language and be successful at school. In a survey done, Apsa reports that when a child performs well and the family members appreciate him with warmth, he is likely to excel in education (123). Excellence in performance increases the childs self-esteem and motivates him to work harder. A parent should facilitate the childs performance by providing the reading and learning materials as well as assisting him in doing the homework (Cath 54). This will also assist in development of social emotional skills. Social-emotionalskills. In the middle childhood, the child becomes innovative, independent and sensitive to other people (Johnsons 95). He selects his friends, the food to consume and the games to play. In the event that the selection does not match with his preference, he can suffer from emotional breakdown, like stress and depression (Levine 127). The parent should support the child by allowing him to express his thoughts and feelings. A child requires freedom so that he can express his feelings and thoughts, as well as rules that he comprehends and accepts (Charlesworth 109). Parents and caregivers should allow the child to play with other children without intruding. According to the research, children learn from each other as they play together and they develop healthy social-emotional skills (Johnsons 90). On the other hand, a child should interact with adults so that his self-esteem and self-worth increase and he realizes his success abilities (Holt 312). During the interaction, the parent should give the child a specific role so that he feels valued and appreciated. The parent should also evaluate the child performance depending on the assigned task and give him another role if he has improved. LATECHILDHOOD(TENTOTWELVEYEARS) At this stage the child mature physically, socially and emotionally (Apsa 200) Parents can complicate the experience of the child if they have marital problems. This can create conflict in the family that interferes with the development of the child. Maurice states that parents should not allow their emotional differences to interfere with the development of the child because at late childhood stage the child is vulnerable to stress (21). The development domains at this stage include motor, cognitive, language, communication and social-emotional skills. Motorskills.The child develops most of the motor skills at this stage and can effectively coordinate all the physical abilities (Levine 130). The child can play a variety of games like football and basketball. Parents should facilitate motor development by encouraging the child to engage in extracurricular activities at school. Teachers can facilitate motor development by making sure that sports is included in the curriculum and is compulsory to every child. Cognitive,languageandcommunicationskills.A child who excels at school has high self-esteem and is socially competent. When a parent discusses with the child his performance, he is motivated to work hard; thus teachers should involve parents in the education process (Healy 189). Parents should discuss with the teacher their childs performance so that they identify and strengthen the strong areas, as well as correct the weakness in the timely manner. At this stage, the health care providers should assess the development of the child to determine if he has any cognitive, language or communication disabilities (Charlesworth 21). In case of any disability, the parent should refer the child to a psychologist or counselor. Social-emotionalskills.The emotional skills of the child have a positive correlation with self-esteem (Holt 324). A child with high self-esteem is usually happy while the one with low self-esteem is always sad. At this stage, the child has labile moods. The role of the parents is to understand their child and assist him in developing social emotional skills (Apsa 215). Parents should give the child freedom to associate with other people but with some restrictions. It is necessary for the parent to discuss with the child different social-emotional issues and address problems that arise. This will promote emotional development. CONCLUSION Parents, teachers and community members should collaborate in order to promote child development and how they learn. This is because the child requires comprehensive support in order to learn and develop the different skills that are crucial for the development domains. Motor skills development requires that the parents allow the child to play with others. Cognitive skills development requires that parents allow their child to engage in activities like games that facilitate cognition. The development of language, communication and social emotional skills requires that the child interact with community members and learn from them. Buy custom Promoting Child Development essay

whiskey rebellion essays

whiskey rebellion essays In 1790 a new nation was on the rise. With the help of the French, the people of the thirteen colonies of America had united together to defeat the greatest empire of the world. This was the shining moment of America. Freedom was theirs, and this is what they have been wanting since the pilgrims arrived almost two centuries before. They were now going to take on an even greater task then fighting the British: establishing a system of government that would be fair and that would be accepted throughout all of America. One thing the founding fathers knew they had to do was establish a document that would unite the states under one system of laws, so they would be a single country. The Articles of Confederation were too weak and could not meet the demands the country as whole needed, so they drafted a new constitution. This new constitution was a brilliant document that expressed how there is no true sovereign power because the power ultimately lies in the people. This document, created in the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, was to become the foundation for our country and is still the chief document that the America of today follows. Nevertheless, there were still some people opposed to this document. The Anti-federalists, as they were called, believed that if the constitution was enacted then the central government would become too powerful. They believed America would then become a tyrannical government, which is what America fought so hard to get away from. The anti-federalists said a bill of rights was needed to stop the national government from being tyrannical. It was clear that this country would need a bill of rights, so one of the main jobs of the first Congress was to create one. In 1789 twelve amendments were approved by congress and by the end of 1791 they had been ratified by the states and had become the Bill of Rights. They were the first ten amendments to the constitution, and they prevented a national governm...

Psychology Research Papers

Psychology Research Papers Psychology Research Papers Psychology Research Papers: Influence on Modernity. In your psychology research papers you should point out that psychology actually is not so ancient science, but it is really difficult, there are some facts, which hard to be discussed. Mythological understanding of the world where bodies filled with souls, and lives depend on the gods, reigned for centuries in the public consciousness. Since that time soul has been the object of psychology. Transition from the nature to the person has been committed by a group of philosophers called the Sophists (the teachers of wisdom). They were interested in human itself (thoughts, feelings, emotions, attitude and relations). Psychology Research Papers: Some Tips. Psychology research papers are used to test the knowledge level of the students. But before writing a research you must determine the topic. Areas studied by psychology are enormous. Psychology spheres deals with the processes, states and people properties - from elementar y distinguish individual features to the motives control of the individual. Modern reality accumulated a lot of problems that cause vivid debates. For your psychology research paper you may choose one, which is most interesting for you. For example it may be developmental psychology (a branch of psychology that studies the psychological changes in individual as he/she grows older). If you want to write your psychology research paper successfully you should read and follow this standard academic structure:Introduction (here you should give the reader general information on your topic, which will release the interest and importance of chosen issue) Problem Point (addresses to the hypotheses you have chose) The Main Body (the research methods are used to test the hypotheses, which you have formulated) Literature list Summary of your research. If you will follow this scheme in creating psychology research papers, you will be satisfied with the result. Your teacher will app reciate. Psychology research papers: Psychologists about caffeine. In your psychology research paper you may touch upon the caffeine influence on brain activity. Everybody knows that caffeine was discovered by a German chemist, but not every even educated person knows that all properties of this substance were described by psychologists. In psychology research papers you may mention that caffeine helps collect thoughts and send them in the right direction very quickly. Caffeine influence overall tone, improves mood and even give a feeling of mild euphoria. However, in higher concentrations of caffeine in the body, human nervous system slightly became weaker. It is good theme to be described in your psychology research papers caffeine. So, good luck in writing!

Has terrorism ever succeeded in changing political reality Essay

Has terrorism ever succeeded in changing political reality - Essay Example To those subjected to that terror under the blade of the guillotine or through other, slower methods of torture, that was a rather dubious honor. The paradox remains today in any attempt to discover whether or not terrorism has achieved its political ends. Webster’s dictionary defines â€Å"terrorism† as â€Å"the use of terror and intimidation to gain one’s political objectives† (Websters, 1995). This is a fairly rational and non-judgmental definition of the word, and perhaps because of the objectivity of the statement, virtually every country in the world could be said to have used â€Å"terrorism† as a tactic many times. Every war uses terrorism on a massive scale according to this definition. Those people that are defined as â€Å"terrorists† today just happen to be rather ineffective in their killing methods (compared to sovereign countries) and have a purer political ideology than most of them. Al Quaeda killed around 3000 people on 9/11/2001, the Madrid bombers killed 192 people on 3/11/2004 and the London bombers killed 52 on 7/7/2005 (White, 2005). These figures would have been laughably small for any of the countries that deliberately bombed one another’s civilian populations in WWII. The German, American, Japanese and British authorities would have had severe questions for any bombing mission that came back with these paltry numbers. By way of comparison, more than the total 9/11 deaths die every month on American roads. So neither the method of killing, nor the numbers seem to suggest that â€Å"terrorist† is an easily definable word. This situation is complicated by the fact that all terrorist crimes would be crimes whether one precedes the word with terrorist or not. Killing another human being without justification is a criminal offence in Britain (Homicide Act, 1977), and so is attempting to kill them or to cause injury to them. The question that needs to be asked when dealing with

Emergency Disaster Legal Issues after Hurricane Sandy within New Research Paper

Emergency Disaster Legal Issues after Hurricane Sandy within New Jersey - Research Paper Example Legal offices have been open in the region to provide people with access to benefits, acquire safe inexpensive housing, and manage other legal problems to assist families and the public pull through Hurricane Sandy. In order to prevent communities from the devastating effects of any other emergency, several policies have been implemented accordingly. Reflecting on this context, this paper critically examines emergency disaster legal issues after Hurricane Sandy within New Jersey from a broad point of view. In order to successfully scrutinize the subject, the paper also provides the central research question and the purpose of the research, research methodology, and appropriate recommendations accordingly. The Central Research Question and the Purpose of the Research The occurrence of disaster in any given society leads to mass killings and destruction of property in the long run. The happening of Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey has become an important issue of discussion in recent time s. The debate over the disaster has been aimed towards finding out the most valuable measures, which should be implemented in the region to help people (National Disaster Legal Aid, 2012). Whenever a disaster hits any given region, there are several legal issues which arise among the victims. Several measures must be adopted appropriately in order to solve such legal issues within the shortest time possible. With the intention of addressing the legal issue in the affected region, legal assistance is always considered of great importance (Perry, 2012). Legal assistance provided in New Jersey takes account of the following. The first legal assistance is returning legal documents lost and damaged during the incidence. The second legal assistance is providing medication and property insurance claims to the victims whilst the other legal assistance is to give counseling on issues related to tenant and landlord. Building on this perspective, it is worth noting that the central research qu estion of this paper revolves around preparing a report in support of the legal issues of the disaster. This implies that the central question of the research forms a point of reference from where the purpose of the research is understood clearly. It is worth noting that, all the way through the state, revival efforts are well in progress (Summar, 2012). The revival efforts are aimed towards saving the lives of all people affected by the disaster. In that sense, the purpose of the research is to explore the negative impacts of a disaster, examine the necessary policies that are put into practice towards addressing the emerging issues, and define how victims of the catastrophe can be helped to recover sooner or later. Research Methodology After evaluation of the disaster, the Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis prepared by the legal offices at New Jersey announced that the people were equally at risk of different types of disasters. It is appropriate for a community to have well organi zed emergency operations against any emergency. After an analysis has been done and the community has been found vulnerable to different types of disasters, there is the need to come up with emergency plans to address the situation (Perry, 2012). For the community, there are two ways to go about this: we can have a Disaster Specific Plan for the different disasters or have a General Emergency Management Plan for addressing any of the four disasters whenever

Reflection paper on a five-hour kindergarten observation Essay

Reflection paper on a five-hour kindergarten observation - Essay Example Reflection paper on a five-hour kindergarten observation My visits transpired on a Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, staying for the duration of five hours in total, which is the required number of hours for the activity. During the first day, I read to the class a story of three children of various ethnicities. One is John, a British, Chi, Japanese, and Alex, an African. It was a story about friendship and sharing. I flipped pictures from time to time in order to make the story-telling more interesting. This strategy is in synergy with considerations for pluralistic perspective in education, which takes into account the concept of multicultural education. The strategy I used to encourage children to appreciate each individuality and diversity of one another through exposing them to readings about cultural diversity is attuned to the concept of multicultural education, which fosters the understanding of diversify (Fu, [please enter the year]). On the same day, we conducted a group activity with the children where they would build a castle out of cubes and triangles. Each team had three members, making a total of five teams. The composition of each team is diverse, since it is a diverse class. Each team showed their finished products and each one explained what they contributed in the building of the castle. They were happy and laughing while doing their castles, making sure that theirs was the most beautiful one. It seemed like a pleasant experience for them. This activity is attuned to the concept of multicultural education.

Chinese Literature unit paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese Literature unit paper - Essay Example During this battle, Cao Cao gave up land along and South of the Yangtze River. This text is not completely accurate because it was written by Chen Shou, an officer for the Shu Han. Once again since the Shu Han was victorious, Shou had a warped view of the Battle of Red Cliff. Although biased, Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel is what John Woo used to make his movie Red Cliff. This historical account is the official record. No matter what biases Shou had, this is what the Shu Empire recorded at the time. This account makes more sense than The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, so most Chinese accept this account. History cannot always be revealed without the help of historians. Shou created an account that is the most credible. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms can be considered more fiction than fact. In this book is the poem, â€Å"Cao Cao Short Story†. This poem shows Cao Cao in a bad light. The following sums up how the Shu Kingdom felt about Cao Cao. The poem is like Cao Cao is the narrator. The wine before me as I sing: how long can a man’s life last?... How can I banish melancholy?- by Du Kang’s gift of wine†¦ This shows that Cao Cao was not a good leader, but a drunken depressed individual. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms also minimizes the Eastern Wu’s generals. This fanciful account is solely a product of later fictional Shu beliefs. The numbers of the soldiers were increased on Cao Cao’s side and decreased on the Shu side. The Red Cliff Battle will remain elusive in the annals of history.

Florence Regarding Investment Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Florence Regarding Investment Appraisal - Essay Example Capital budgeting is primarily undertaken when investment outlay is done for a long period. In the context of this paper, the investment will be done in heavy machinery and the project period is 5 years. Payback period denotes the time period that is absorbed by the project for recovering the total cost of the project. Payback may not be the primary technique but it is an important technique that determines whether a firm should undertake a particular project. The criterion is that when projects are compared on the basis of payback period, a project with shorter payback period is selected (Sangster, 1993; Cooper, Cornick and Redmon, 2011). The calculated payback period for each project is as follows: It was calculated that project A required the least amount of time followed by project B and project C respectively. In other words, Project B requires 0.52 years or about 6 months more than project A. From the perspective of payback period, project A can be recommended over the other pr ojects as it takes the shortest amount of time to recoup the initial outlay (Sangster, 1993). Accounting rate of return is often considered as the true measure of profitability with respect to a project in capital budgeting as it not only take into account the net cash inflow but also focuses on expected net earnings from each project with respect to the fund invested initially. This technique works on the notion that earnings instead of generally cash flow are better measure of success of an investment. A project with higher accounting rate of return is generally considered as the superior choice (Kida, Moreno and Smith, 2001). The calculated accounting rate of return of each project is as follows: It is important to discuss the reason for using incremental revenue prior analyzing the outcome.  

Mintzberg's 5 Ps for Strategy (1987) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mintzberg's 5 Ps for Strategy (1987) - Essay Example In this paper, we proceed to structure our argument thus: in brief, we summarize Mintzberg (1987) covering the key points of his paper and its implications. Secondly, we proceed to review his own works that support and contradict his proposed definitions. Thirdly, we review the works of several scholars who either support or oppose his work implicitly; this can be understood by uncovering the context of their studies. Towards the end, we proceed to integrate our findings and conclude. Critical Review Mintzberg (1987) provides five broad definitions for strategy stating that it could a Plan, Ploy, Pattern, Position or Perspective. While plan and ploy fall under the same construct for his definition, there is a subtle difference in his usage of ‘ploy’. Ploy is defined as an action or strategy that is designed for someone else to react. The real action may or may not transpire in practice. Pattern is observed behavior. This results when the ground reality can be seen. Mintz berg, in his paper, refers to this as a realized strategy. Observe the parallels with one of his other research papers (Mintzberg & Waters 1985). In this paper, the authors observe that the final strategy which is enacted by the organization, also called the realized strategy may not be the one they started out with. In his earlier research, Mintzberg (1978) describes patterns as being parallel to the realized strategy, which in effect is a series of decisions taken by the firm. Being manifested in terms of the operational or pricing actions, they can be observed. Clearly, Mintzberg has been focused in developing his research ideas and theories in a sequential manner based on empirical observations. Position refers to the interaction of the organization with its business environment. In other words, here we can draw parallels with a firm operating within an industry. The strategy in this case is a question of how the firm positions itself within the environment. The final definition of strategy through ‘perspective’ seeks to locate it within the confines of the ‘collective mind’ of the organization. Mintzberg provides an internal view in this case, as opposed to the external environment defined view in the earlier definitions. Psychologists refer to this as the cognitive make-up of the organization, anthropologists refer to this as the cultural aspect and management theories discuss this in terms of the ‘driving force’. At this stage, it is meaningful to analyze the contention (our title) with references from other scholars. While there has been a flood of research into strategy definitions, some of the texts offer us more in-depth expositions. Consider De Wit & Meyer (2010) who discuss strategy from three different perspectives: process, content and context. It is appropriate to explain it further. Process refers to the thoughts, mapping and schema that reside in the individual’s mind or the collective organizatio nal mind. Here the first stage is thinking, wherein an idea is visualized. Possibly, here one can relate to Hambrick & Mason (1983) who suggest that most strategies in any organization are conceived in the mind of the top management, who then proceed to ensure percolation through the rank and file; their conceived strategies form the future of the organizatio

Florence Regarding Investment Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Florence Regarding Investment Appraisal - Essay Example Capital budgeting is primarily undertaken when investment outlay is done for a long period. In the context of this paper, the investment will be done in heavy machinery and the project period is 5 years. Payback period denotes the time period that is absorbed by the project for recovering the total cost of the project. Payback may not be the primary technique but it is an important technique that determines whether a firm should undertake a particular project. The criterion is that when projects are compared on the basis of payback period, a project with shorter payback period is selected (Sangster, 1993; Cooper, Cornick and Redmon, 2011). The calculated payback period for each project is as follows: It was calculated that project A required the least amount of time followed by project B and project C respectively. In other words, Project B requires 0.52 years or about 6 months more than project A. From the perspective of payback period, project A can be recommended over the other pr ojects as it takes the shortest amount of time to recoup the initial outlay (Sangster, 1993). Accounting rate of return is often considered as the true measure of profitability with respect to a project in capital budgeting as it not only take into account the net cash inflow but also focuses on expected net earnings from each project with respect to the fund invested initially. This technique works on the notion that earnings instead of generally cash flow are better measure of success of an investment. A project with higher accounting rate of return is generally considered as the superior choice (Kida, Moreno and Smith, 2001). The calculated accounting rate of return of each project is as follows: It is important to discuss the reason for using incremental revenue prior analyzing the outcome.  

Finance Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finance Principles - Essay Example An investor will thus, take care of the rate of return to expect and the risk level exposed in the capital market in making a decision on stock and bond allocation. Equity and bond portfolio investment in U.S capital market: Equity investment; An equity investment is supposed to provide long term value growth and the possibility of dividend income. The value of shares can at some time become volatile by being either declining or a rising trend in the overall market period. The stock market index in U.S has being declining in the recent past due to the financial wrangles being witnessed in Europe. The future economic growth of the country is promising to be positive which is a clear picture that in future the prices of the stock will raise. Thus, as a fund manager the current stock prices are in the best lowest prices when I should consider buying for future profit making from sale of the shares in the future. Also, with an economic growth prospects the shares are likely to generate d ividends which will be of benefit to the investor’s economic potential. Bond investment; A bond investment represents a fixed income investment because it attracts a fixed rate of interest and a known maturity time4. The value of a bond investment is determined by the movement of the market interest rates. If the interest rates are high, the price of the bond is low and at the time when the rates of interest are low, the bond price will be high. The interest level of a bond represents the risk level of a bond. The bond market in U.S assessment shows a challenge to fixed income investors because of the way it is associated to the European market which is facing a debt crisis5. This is because the performance of the bond in U.S capital market in the time to approach is likely to be determined by how the events will unfold in Europe6. There has being development of discouraging news from the European market of possible government default in paying back loans, bank crisis and the possibility of euro break up. This has lead to investors demanding a flight to quality on U.S treasury bonds and a poor performance on high yield bonds and emerging debt markets. The flight to quality response by the investors has resulted to the fall of 10- year note to record lows of 2011 with its price rising. This mean of seeking safety has outweighed prospects of earning meaningful long term returns7. Investing in U.S treasury is thus, pegged on a deteriorating of the European market. The expected economic growth in 2012 poses a risk to treasury bonds due to the inflation uptick that may rise which has a negative effect on bond prices. Investing in high yield bonds currently has an unknown future interest earning due to the debt crisis in Europe which can only get better if the crisis are solved to the fullest. Asset allocation; As an investor deciding to invest in the equity and bond market in the American market, the return level and risks associated with two assets due to t he global economic events needs to be allocated with care. From the assessment of the two assets investment opportunities, investing in the stock market is more favorable to an investor than in the bond market for future returns of the investment8. Market performance of any asset has usually being uncertain towards how in future the returns from the assets investment will perform9. This means that an investor has to come up with a portfolio arrangement that will try to caution massive losses from investing in only one asset that seem to have positive future returns. The portfolio investment need to allocate much percentage to an asset that has

Personal Change Essay Example for Free

Personal Change Essay Every day I hear people talking about how they do not like this or how they want to change that. Oddly enough, I do not often hear someone say I really need to make a personal change. The thought that people point fingers at others and take not fault weighted on my mind for quite a while. So I decided if I could change one thing about myself in a positive way, it would be to stop being so self-centered. This change would not only be beneficial to me, but also the people around me. They would be a lot happier around me, it would open my eyes to a new perspective on life as a whole, and last but not least, I would not be as irresponsible. From my experience nobody likes to be around a selfish inconsiderate person. Making this change in my life would transform me from that selfish guy, to a caring, considerate and positive individual. Socially my world would sky rocket almost instantly. When someone is fun and considerate, they are easy to be around. This means I would attract more people, which leads me to my next point. The more people we meet in life, the more we learn. I feel that if I do not meet new people and experience new things, I will have that same old one tract mind. It is ok to be wrong and do what someone else wants to do from time to time. This will allow me to explore not only the world differently, but myself as well. A basic outlook on life is the direct product of being self-centered and hard to be around. Part of having a new perspective means, seeing that my old self interpretation or old opinion of myself may change. Ultimately this could lead to me looking at how I act and do things honestly. After looking at myself and how I actually am, there is no doubt in my mind I would come to the conclusion that I am not the most responsible person in the world. As a result, the logical thing for me to do next is to fix that problem. If I were more responsible I could take a lot more control of my life. Open new doors for myself in my school life, work life, and social life. Responsibility is the glue that holds a successful life together . All I really want in the end is to be successful anyway, so being responsible would defiantly be a great trait to have. All in all the change to stop being so self-centered would only change my life for the better. I can not think of any other change that would benefit me more. So I say to myself and anyone who will listen â€Å"Don’t let yourself hold you back.†

Non-Violent Nationalism and Fundamental Change :: essays research papers fc

Nationalism as a concept is defined by the formation of a distinct identity for a certain population in terms of their religion, ethnicity or class differences. This term was used to describe the rise of movements along these distinct lines. Since then the connotations of the word may have changed over time but its essential meaning has remained unchanged. The term in essence refers to two varying sentiments. Broadly speaking, the first of these is a sense of identification with a certain nation based on ethnic, cultural or religious bounds. The second is a sentiment of loyalty to the nation as defined by these ethnic, cultural and religious bound. While the first only serves as a unifying factor in most cases, the second also serves as a rallying call for mass political mobilization. This has been obvious especially in the years immediately after the Second World War during the time of the disintegration of Colonial power structures and the subsequent creation of a bipolar world. The concept of the non-violent movement was introduced to these anti-colonial movements early enough. Gandhi, the tiny, old man of Indian politics came up with the idea of a non-violent independence struggle. This was a struggle which initially rooted itself in a secular context but gradually became known as essentially being a Hindu Nationalist movement. Gandhi ¡Ã‚ ¦s initial thrust had been towards unifying Indian natives under this banner of non-violence in order to garner support for an ouster of the British from India and an overhaul of the Indian government structure. What this meant was that Gandhi was looking for a  ¡Ã‚ ¥fundamental change ¡Ã‚ ¦ in the structure and hierarchies of the Indian state. This is highlighted in his writings:  ¡Ã‚ §The state after withdrawal (of the Colonizers) will depend largely upon the manner of it. If, as you assume, they (the Colonizers) retire, it seems to me we shall still keep their constitution and shall carry on the government. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Gandhi was then visibly looking for a structural uprooting of the British / Colonial system and aimed to replace it with one more contributory to the state and, hence, less extractory in nature. This for him was the fundamental change in the system that was required for a successful transformation from a colonized to an independent state. Gandhi ¡Ã‚ ¦s method of achieving this change was through the practice of nonviolent passive resistance.  ¡Ã‚ §Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by the personal suffering; it is the reverse of resistance by arms. Non-Violent Nationalism and Fundamental Change :: essays research papers fc Nationalism as a concept is defined by the formation of a distinct identity for a certain population in terms of their religion, ethnicity or class differences. This term was used to describe the rise of movements along these distinct lines. Since then the connotations of the word may have changed over time but its essential meaning has remained unchanged. The term in essence refers to two varying sentiments. Broadly speaking, the first of these is a sense of identification with a certain nation based on ethnic, cultural or religious bounds. The second is a sentiment of loyalty to the nation as defined by these ethnic, cultural and religious bound. While the first only serves as a unifying factor in most cases, the second also serves as a rallying call for mass political mobilization. This has been obvious especially in the years immediately after the Second World War during the time of the disintegration of Colonial power structures and the subsequent creation of a bipolar world. The concept of the non-violent movement was introduced to these anti-colonial movements early enough. Gandhi, the tiny, old man of Indian politics came up with the idea of a non-violent independence struggle. This was a struggle which initially rooted itself in a secular context but gradually became known as essentially being a Hindu Nationalist movement. Gandhi ¡Ã‚ ¦s initial thrust had been towards unifying Indian natives under this banner of non-violence in order to garner support for an ouster of the British from India and an overhaul of the Indian government structure. What this meant was that Gandhi was looking for a  ¡Ã‚ ¥fundamental change ¡Ã‚ ¦ in the structure and hierarchies of the Indian state. This is highlighted in his writings:  ¡Ã‚ §The state after withdrawal (of the Colonizers) will depend largely upon the manner of it. If, as you assume, they (the Colonizers) retire, it seems to me we shall still keep their constitution and shall carry on the government. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Gandhi was then visibly looking for a structural uprooting of the British / Colonial system and aimed to replace it with one more contributory to the state and, hence, less extractory in nature. This for him was the fundamental change in the system that was required for a successful transformation from a colonized to an independent state. Gandhi ¡Ã‚ ¦s method of achieving this change was through the practice of nonviolent passive resistance.  ¡Ã‚ §Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by the personal suffering; it is the reverse of resistance by arms.

Lord Of The Flies Story :: essays research papers

The war was over, but not without casualties. Numerous ships, planes and factories had been bombed with regular bombs, and London was totally destroyed - by a single atomic bomb. Only derelicts lived there now, not knowing of the harmful radiation that surrounded what once was the great capital.Slowly though, things were getting back to normal, shops began opening, and the war started to shift to the back of people's minds. Life was becoming more normal, but the memory of the war was still there, and always would be. Unfortunately, my memories of our time on the island would never shift to the back of my mind - I would never forget what the war meant to me. I might not have been killed, though I wish I had been, I might not have lost my home or seen London go up a huge mushroom cloud of bright red light, but I had lived with people that hardly deserve that title, people that became animals, people that were worse than animals - murderers. And I myself, was one of them.I was slowly getting better, but I never got through a night without hearing the chant and Simon's furtive screams as we jabbed, attacked and mauled him, without seeing Piggy's fat body flying into the air and then crashing down on the rocks. I had never recovered from those experiences and at no time had a job. I live in a small, damp apartment above a coin laundry. The greatest pleasure I had in life was feeding the pigeons in the park. I would get what stale bread I could from the bakery to feed the birds. They would rush at me when they saw me and fight for the small scraps of bread before it had even hit the ground. They were animals, but not like Jack and the others, they were kind animals, they never hurt anyone - they went about their lives regardless of us. Many times I wished that I too could be a pigeon. I wanted to lead the simple life that they did, I wanted to forget what had happened, I wanted to escape the plaguing memories.It was Tuesday morning and I was feeding pigeons in the park. They were fighting for the pathetic scraps of stale bread I threw on the ground as usual, looking at me begging me with their eyes for more.

‘A Passage to India’ by Forster Essay

â€Å"By close analysis of the structure and language of chapter one discuss how Forster expresses his overall concerns within the novel as a whole via this initial description of the Indian landscape.† Through chapter one of ‘A Passage to India’ Forster does far more than introduce the small town of Chandrapore. In this initial section of the novel the construction of the text reflects the tiered Indian society that becomes the basis for Forster’s deeper exploration of mankind and human behaviour. In addition, the ominous significance of the Marabar Caves within the novel is prefigured via the mysterious imagery used to describe them. This is contrasted by the more optimistic language which is used to describe the ‘overarching sky’ that unifies all men and points towards a hope for the future of peaceful co-existence. At the beginning of the chapter the reader is first introduced to the Muslim aspect of Chandrapore, the lowest tier of the Indian society but perhaps the most resilient. Here what Adela will later refer to as the ‘Real India’ is depicted. Through vivid imagery the area appears akin to a wasteland devoid of any significance. Even the holy river Ganges is described as â€Å"Trailing for a couple of miles†¦scarcely distinguishable from the rubbish it deposits so freely.† It is negative language such as this that creates a compounding sense of desolation about the ‘Real India.’ This of course is entirely necessary in order for Forster to create and convey the contrast between the Indian and English cultures which he believes to be incompatible in this context. Graphic and harsh language permeates the whole of this first section of the chapter creating a highly effective image of the squalor in which the Mohammedan Indians are condemned to live by their English rulers. The streets are â€Å"Mean† the â€Å"Temples ineffective† and the â€Å"Filth† of alleyways deters all but the invited guest.† By describing their quarter in such a way Forster makes the Muslim Indian seem almost sub-human to his readers, this of course, is how they are viewed by the English. They are remarked upon as â€Å"Low† but also as â€Å"Indestructible.† Despite their apparent lack of sophistication, the way in which, â€Å"The general outline of the town persists† comes to reflect the similar way in which the Muslim culture, although suppressed by the English, is based upon strong foundations of religious devotion and an inextinguishable spirit. Forster describes them as â€Å"Swelling here†¦shrinking there† and by doing so creates a very evocative image which captures perfectly the way in which the Indian race move ‘en-mass’ and in harmony, united in their angst to recapture their homeland. As Forster remarks, â€Å"Inland the prospect alters† and the Eurasian, Anglo-India described in the second section of the passage could not present a more stark contrast to that of Islamic Chandrapore. Here the houses belonging to the Eurasians â€Å"Stand on high ground† an important symbol which reflects the way in which the English believe themselves to be above the Indian race both morally and intellectually. It is this attitude of ignorance and racial superiority which will be developed and scathingly criticised by Forster as the novel progresses. Indeed it could be argued that humanity’s unwillingness to understand one another is the underlying theme behind the whole text and that in reality Adela and Mrs. Moore’s passage to India is in fact a deeper analogy for a more complex passage of mankind towards understanding itself. On a second rise of land lies the â€Å"Little civil station.† As the focal point for Eurasian society it is remarked that, â€Å"From here†¦Chandrapore appears to be a totally different place.† This observation encapsulates the way in which the station and its social club both seem to be isolated from the rest of India. Immersed in a fantasy world of British high society the station itself is described as, â€Å"Provoking no emotion† and â€Å"Sensibly planned.† This epitomises the logical mindset of the English, which deeply contrasts that of the spiritual Indian and highlights how even at a simple level of human understanding harmony is not possible between the two cultures creating the â€Å"Muddle† which is colonial India. Britain’s attitude of imposing herself upon other nations, typical of this time period before partition, is something heavily attacked by Forster. Throughout the text he is seen to criticise England replicated in India because to him this is unnatural and false. During the entirety of this second section of the passage Forster adopts a tone of negativity towards the English. Their section of Chandrapore is described as, â€Å"Sharing nothing with the rest of the city except the overarching sky† conveying the way in which they consciously isolate themselves from the Indians. In the overall context of the novel this image becomes very important. As gradually relations between the two races come to deteriorate the sky comes to be the only unifying element between Indian and Englishman. Further more, the way in which the image is echoed throughout the text seems to suggest the existence of a more powerful presence beyond man both physically and in terms of significance within the universe. It is Forster’s belief that ultimately the petty quarrels of man are meaningless in such a vast entity. The final section of the chapter is used by Forster to expand on the concept of the overarching sky. It is described as having a â€Å"Persistent blue core† the stars â€Å"Hanging like lamps from the immense vault† which is the sky and it is elevated imagery such as this which comes to symbolise a hope for the future of mankind. In contrast to the â€Å"muddle† and â€Å"misunderstanding† which covers India and the rest of the earth, the sky instead represents an element which unifies all men. Its persistence represents a hope that one day all the problems of man explored within the novel will pale into insignificance. It could be argued the description of the sky evokes an atmosphere akin to that of the Hindu religion. Forster remarks, â€Å"The sky settles everything† and indeed to Godbole and his fellow Hindus this is to a certain degree true. The unanswerable questions, the answers to which are sought by both Muslim and Christian are left to be pondered by Godbole. He seeks to answer questions about his own spiritual existence and the natural world around him. As a result his passage within the novel becomes one of progression as opposed one to of retreat as is experienced by Aziz and Fielding. The Chapter ends with a final short image of the mysterious Marabar caves. All around â€Å"League after league the earth lies flat,† yet in the south, â€Å"A group of fists and fingers are thrust up through the soil.† These fingers are the ‘Marabar hills’ and seem to point mysteriously towards the heavens above. The way in which they seem to separate themselves from their earthly surroundings suggests an equally unearthly presence about them. This of course will be proved true by the supernatural and inexplicable violation which Adela experiences within their walls. Dark and devoid of humanity they represent an aspect of India that the logical English will never be able to conquer. Therefore it is possible to conclude that the first Chapter of ‘A Passage to India’ can be regarded as a template for the novel as a whole. Almost all of Forster’s overall concerns are indicated by its content and it is clear that the varied description of the Indian landscape comes to symbolise differences between those who inhabit the land. This disjointed construction of society will only increase as the novel progresses ultimately leading to the personal retreat of the novel’s two main characters, Aziz and Fielding whom are unable to stand out as individuals and trapped within the confines of their own cultures. It will be only the deeply spiritual Godbole who is shown to have made any real progress via his own ‘Passage to India’ and of course Mrs. Moore, who despite her death becomes a symbol for hope by the way in which she is revered as a Hindu Goddess. Bibliography â€Å"A Passage to India† – E.M. Forster Classic notes – www.classicnotes.com

Effective leader Essay

People should try to resolve any issue that comes up. For example, in the area of the workplace, situations arise in which there is conflict between one or more of the parties. In that situation, serving the interest of one party is a detriment to the others. Unethical conduct of business is a catch-all phrase or umbrella term for anything contrary to business ethics. As such, unethical conduct of business encompass those prohibited by law expressly such as fraud, those prohibited by law impliedly such as unfair and deceptive practices, and those that are not included in the definition of fraud or unfair and deceptive practice but which otherwise considered contrary to good or public morals or fairness. As defined, ethical business conduct is doing something that is not required by law, contract, or other obligation and which is a positive contribution to society. Therefore, a contrary conduct is unethical and can spell confusion. This means doing something which is prohibited by law, contract, or other obligation or which has a negative contribution to society, thus robbing one of tranquility. Through interactions with various kinds of people one gets to know particular complexities of people and use this to a good advantage. An effective leader is a pathfinder, a team builder, and a gardener. As pathfinders, they have to recognize needs and accommodate the legitimate needs and wants of all stakeholders by clarifying Vision, Context, Direction, Location, Goals, Strategy, Purpose and Pace. As team builders, they will help others achieve together as they create healthy, safe conditions for risk taking; help others become leaders; provide resources and be a resource themselves; help some move from dependence to independence; help others get things done; get out of the way. Then, as gardeners, they work hard, often behind the scenes, to create a culture and mores that embody core principles and values; help determine how people work together; help them agree on worthwhile purposes; create enthusiasm and understanding in a critical mass of followers; identify and remove obstacles; provide support systems; provide recognitions and rewards; organize and supply raw materials; prune, when necessary; and plan for the harvest. Pajares’ essay is useful in gathering material to strengthen the core beliefs about personal tranquility as these teachers remain in the forefront as role models to children. Thus, if we want our parents to have the peace of mind, they need to be reassured that their children are educated well, and that there is a need for teachers who are well-trained, highly-respected professionals. They need to be able to instill in children that what they actually need in order to lead productive, successful, happy and moral lives is the ability to delay gratification and tolerate frustration. Once they master these abilities, they will have the foundation for values instilled by family and faith. Pajares again looks into the beliefs of people as weighing more in a learning process, instead of what is objectively true. These beliefs are reinforced because of the mastery of one’s core abilities. (Pajares). Suddenly, for Hinojosa, she states that â€Å"I wanted what everyone else had. I wanted to be a full, well-rounded, accomplished woman. I could not get away from the Mexican yardstick for measuring womanhood—becoming a mother. † Thus, her memoir reflects her love for life and how she envisions her life as a mother. This paper explores the social learning theory and how this relates to her life. † Maria had only the best loving relationships of people around her at the early age of six. She explains, â€Å" It’s all I saw around me. Parejas. Couples. Moms and Das who looked as if they had been together forever and who would stay forever as well. † (p. 4). Hinojosa is a successful host of NPR’s Latino USA. She also works as an urban affairs correspondent for CNN, accomplishing things she never ever imagined then since she was born in Mexico. Thus, in order to become a better person with a healthy view of life and peace of mind, one must be able to identify one’s core competencies. Skills are to be developed according to the actual needs of the organization and not merely based on generalities and perceptions. Work-based learning will address this concern by integrating actual experiences and practices in developing new knowledge about the organization. Practice and theories are merged together in such a setting. People can overcome barriers to effective communication. They must first be aware that barriers exist and can cause serious organizational problems. Then they must be willing to invest the effort and time necessary to overcome the barriers. (Hinojosa). Indeed, learning is a lifelong process. In order to get maturity, different kinds of leadership are required at different times. But at all times it is a combination of character and competence that is needed. Inspiring leadership must be coupled with the organizational skill born of seasoned technical expertise. This integrated blend of character and competence is often evident by its absence more than its presence. It is rare, and like most rare things, it is extremely valuable. One needs to develop this strength of character in all my dealings and share that with others. Basic to peace and tranquility is the fact that we are able to make decisions and freely choose from among alternatives. It is only man who can consciously do that and Hoagland, as observant as he is looks at animals as stylized characters with no freedom to exercise and play out their parts in life. It is like saying, â€Å"If I do this, then we will be better off than if I do that. This is in some way called evaluation. It is considering the effects of a process. Is the process helpful or harmful? To whom? In what ways? Under what circumstances? What are the consequences of dong this? Some people use the word â€Å"criticism† or â€Å"judgment† for this appraisal. One attains tranquility when one’s likes and dislikes are reconciled. One’s likes and dislikes are partly the wisdom of one’s organism, partly the result of helpful learning that protects one and keeps one out of trouble, and partly the result of harmful learning. Harmful learning includes certain kinds of accidental learning brought about by chance circumstances, as well as conditioned responses that were once appropriate but are no longer so.