Manta Rays essays

Manta Rays essays Rays are a flattened type of fish with wide fleshey pectoral fins that look like wings. Their skin is rough and scaly. The ray has a short, whip-like tail, and gills on the outside of the body. The rays mouth is broad and rectangular and contains small teeth in the lower jaw. Two cephalic lobes extend from the front of the rays head. These are used to crush prey for food since their teeth are small and useless for eating. Rays have no bones. Their skeleton is made of cartilage. Cartilage is a tough substance that is not as hard as bone. Some parts of their skeleton, like their vertebrae, are calcified. Even the rays skull is flattened. Manta Rays do not have stingers on their tails like the stingrays. Their color varies from black to gray-blue on its back. It has a white underside with gray splotches. Manta rays can measure up to 29 feet long and 22 feet wide. They can weigh up to 3,000 pounds. Manta rays are nicknamed devil rays because their extended fins look like devils horns. The word Manta in Spanish means cloak or blanket. The rays are closely related to the shark. Manta rays are the largest of all the rays. One common myth is that a manta ray can capsize a boat by leaping out of the water and crashing into the boat. Another myth is that the manta can drown swimmers by wrapping around them. Both these myths are untrue. Actually the rays even appear to enjoy the company of the divers and will play around the divers instead of swimming away from them. Manta Rays have a high ratio of brain weight to body weight. They are extremely intelligent. Scientist believe rays are probably smarter than sharks. They are also very curious animals. Rays often approach divers and just watch them. Manta rays are powerful creatures. They are harmless, non-aggressive, and are also non-territorial. The earliest known rays date back to the Jurassic period, which is about 150 million years ago. Since ray...

The Dynamic Duo of John and Samuel Adams Essays

The Dynamic Duo of John and Samuel Adams Essays The Dynamic Duo of John and Samuel Adams Essay The Dynamic Duo of John and Samuel Adams Essay Two of the most dangerous men in Boston during the time of the revolutionary war were the Adams’ brothers. Though they were not brothers at all, they were in fact they were second cousins. They both had similar ideals about independence but came from different backgrounds. In time John Adams would become the more recognized Adams’ mostly in part to becoming the 1st vice president then later elected as the 2nd president of the United States. John Adams could also be well known for his heated debates with political rival Thomas Jefferson.Samuel Adams on the other hand is thought to be one of the main agitators the sparked the interest of independence among the colonies and influenced John Adams’ ideas on the subject. Today most people associate the name Samuel Adams with the popular Boston beer brewing company. Though Samuel Adams was from Boston and a brewer himself, he was not a very good one. Thankfully his recipes were not used in the Boston lager that we know today. If we were to wander the fields of Braintree Massachusetts around 1745 we might have encountered a bright young 10 year old skipping school and searching for direction in life.This little boy would be John Adams. John Adams was born in 1735 in Braintree Massachusetts about 12 miles south of Boston. Braintree was a farming community and residents there where rooted deep in their faith. This is where John Adams would grow up, and his father being a devout Protestant farmer tried to instill these values in his son. John Adams’ father wanted nothing more than for his son to be a minister. At the time this was the most noble and spiritually rewarding job one could have. John didn’t share this view with his father and would often skip school to daydream and frolic in the fields.One day when his father found out about his truancy, John said he was fine settling to be a farmer and didn’t see a need to go back to school. John’s father was thought to be an intelligent man and decided not to pick a fight but instead immediately put his son to work as he had wished. It didn’t take long for the young John Adams to realize that maybe going to school was that bad compared to the life of a farmer. John proceeded to excel in academics and would later graduate from Harvard University in 1755.He did not pursue the path in which his father wanted for him but instead became a teacher and later practiced law. John found law fascinating and had a strong belief in fair trials for anyone being prosecuted. He believed everyone should have a fair trial, so much in fact that he was even a defender for one of the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. John Adams, in his old age, called his defense of British soldiers in 1770 one of the most gallant, generous, manly, and disinterested actions of my whole life, and one of the best pieces of service I ever rendered my country. http://law2. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/bostonmassacre/keyfigures. html John Adams political career would take off when he and Thomas Jefferson were tasked to draft the Constitution. Notoriety of his work with the Constitution would propel Adams to be elected President President. Samuel Adams was also considered one of the founding fathers of the United States. Born in Boston on September 1772, Samuel was raised in a religious family like John Adams. Samuel Adams was raised in a Puritan home; his father was a deacon of the church and a successful beer brewer.Like John Adams, Samuel attended Harvard and proceeded to study law after graduation. Unlike John, Samuel didn’t study law for long, instead he took a job working as a clerk in the counting house of Thomas Cushing. Then decided to venture out on his own and test his entrepreneurial skills, none of which were successful. These pitfalls lead Samuel into politics. He felt as if his father’s business ventures and his own were stifled by the British economic stronghold on the colonies. This idea was the driving force for his bolstering opposition of British taxation and the beginning of his political career. It does not require a majority to prevail, but rather an irate, tireless minority keen to set brush fires in people’s minds. ’ Samuel Adams. This quote is an accurate portrayal of Samuel Adams political philosophy. Though he was unsuccessful in previous ventures Samuel found his strongest trait to be the ability to rally people and persuade. This would make him a very successful politician. The British viewed Samuel Adams the same way The United States views radical Islamic extremists today. He was not only a hreat to the British economic ties to the colonies but a revolutionary that could possibly persuade the way government was perceived around the world. The British promised they would not punish Colonists who would stop fighting against them, all except Samuel Adams and John Hancock. http://library. thinkquest. org/TQ0312848/sadams. htm Though the desire of independence was similar with both Samuel and John their political philosophies differed. John was a republican and Samuel was a Federalist. Though this was not the most prolific difference between the two.The main difference between the two was their approach of obtaining independence. John Adams believed that negotiations and the justice system was the best path to independence. Samuel on the other hand, initiated mobs and felt a militaristic revolution was the only answer. The Stamp Act was an example of the distinctive difference in approaches. During this conflict John Adams took a conservative approach and wrote articles in the Boston Gazette stating the legal logistics of how the Stamp Act was infringing on the rights of the colonist. He also drafted Braintree Instructions.The Braintree Instructions were a comprehensive essay outlining the rights of the colonists. He would promote his publications by giving speeches at government assemblies. Samuel Adams decided to take a more rash approach. He founded was it to be believed to be Americas first gang The Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty was a violent group of activists that were responsible the hangings of British appointed officials. When the British passed the Stamp Act Samuel Adams decided to set fire to and destroy the building that was going to be the headquarters for this new tax.During the campaign for freedom john Adams could be considered the brains while Samuel Adams was the muscle of the operation. Though their tactics were in stark contrast, both Adams’ thought very highly of each other and would share ideas through meetings and letters. This exchange of ideas would complement one another and help balance their next course of actions. In the letters exchanged between the two, they ask questions and often refer to ancient European philosophers. The interpretation of the teachings of these philosophers varies between them.This is evident when they would write about the future political architecture of the country and balance of powers. In a letter to John Adams, Samuel Adams states The best formed constitutions that have yet been contrived by the wit of man, have, and will come to an end,- because the kingdoms of the earth have not been governed by reason. The pride of kings, of nobles, and leaders of the people, who have all governed in their turns, have disadjusted the delicate frame, and thrown all into confusion. http://democraticthinker. ordpress. com/2010/04/10/samuel-john-adams-on-government%E2%80%94letter-ii/. This shows Samuel Adams civil unrest for any past government in place. Even with a fair constitution he believes that the powers that are to enforce the constitution can and will one day be corrupt unless there exists a checks and balances system. John Adams would keep statements like this in mind when he would take part in drafting the America’s new constitution and lay the ground work for the prosperous country it would become.

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The video top ten business model pitfall by Ash Maurya seeks to draw the entrepreneurs’ focus from the product and its development to thinking of the whole venture as the product. To overcome the pitfalls Maurya proposes that the entrepreneurs must define what success will be and set the measure of success even before they start off. That way they can know whether they are achieving their objectives or not. The entrepreneur needs to know to what extent they wish to grow and whether it will be necessary to expand further or not. This will prevent overexpansion and operation of the business below its potential. The entrepreneur should hence define what success should look like and when they should have achieved the goal. Another mistake identified in the video that entrepreneurs sometimes make is to try to create a product that will meet everyone’s need. In the end the product may not satisfy anyone. It is, therefore, necessary that the entrepreneur should focus on a specified target market and strive to satisfy their need. In doing so, one should identify the early adopters and seek to satisfy their needs before expanding to serve others with the product. However, the entrepreneur must not be too particular since at the start of the venture, the main idea is not about executing a specific plan but experimenting to come up with a plan that will work. He should therefore not focus too quickly on narrowing down to a specific product or service as he may lose out on a greater opportunity.

Realisms Depiction of International Relations Essay

Realisms Depiction of International Relations - Essay Example Therefore, in entering any agreement with any country, a state is always aware of the likelihood of cheating and the potential comparative gain that might result from the arrangement (Simpson 2001). Due this fear, courtiers must act to safeguard their interest so that in case of partners’ noncompliance with the bilateral or multilateral agreement, the state is not exposed to economic or security risks (Grieco 1999). Such a move should not translate into limiting cooperation with other states, but as a measure that will protect the country from exploitation by its partners. Realism has also developed to accommodate new trends that characterize international relations. Economic globalization has made it a must for cooperation as opposed to isolation of country from outside influence. Industrialized countries have been able to reap a lot of benefit due to this improved cooperation with other states (Jackson & Sorensen 2007). Such cooperation has become apparent especially with co untries like USA, which traditional follows the realist ideology to increase its interaction with others for greater influence and economic gains. Although globalization has made cooperation among countries inevitable, different countries do not trade on the same platform. Some countries benefit more than the other does in any international agreement. Since every country is serving its interest in the agreement, some countries are bound to gain more than the others do, as is mostly the case when developed countries trade with third world countries. Developed countries use their superior economic and technological power to get cheap raw material from developing countries and then sale the processed... This essay stresses that international organization presented by liberal institutionalism cannot stop countries from acting according to the balance of power system, calculating how each of their moves affects their relative position in the in global arena where stiff completion is the order of the day. Realists argue that international institutions cannot provide a muscular and timely response to aggression by power hungry states. A good example of this is the Syrian case where the government has taken part in the bombing of civilian habitats killing many yet the international institutions could not move in to stop the killing. Another key example of failure for liberal institutionalism to depict international relations is the failure of international institutions to act on the threat that North Korea’s accumulation of nuclear energy post to international security. Therefore, countries protect their interests by trusting in their own power and not on an international authorit y This paper makes a conlusion that international relations are guided by the need of states to get the best out of its interactions with other states. To achieve this, states will seek to protect their economic interests and further their influence in the international politics. The failure of international institutions to be tough on aggressive states has increased the need for countries to act in their best interest due to the stiff competition in international politics and economy. Only the established balance of power can dictate how far a state can advance its interests.

Miss Essay Example for Free

Miss Essay Marketing Management Individual Assignment 1. The definition of EPRG orientation and its practice in international companies/local companies * ethnocentric (home-country oriented) An ethnocentric firm views the business from the perspective and values of the home country. Policies and practices are likely to be designed by home-country nationals with little or no variation for international operations. Ethnocentric oriented international companies believe that anything worked at home must also work abroad. For example: Nissan using ethnocentric orientation during its first few years of exporting cars and trucks to the U. S. market. Nissan’s cars were designed for mild Japanese winter, the vehicle were difficult to start in many parts of the U. S. during winter there. In northern Japan many car owners would put blankets over the hoods of their cars. Nissan’s assume that Americans would do the same. * Polycentric (host country-oriented) In contrast with ethnocentric, a polycentric firm operates according to the principle that each country of operation is different. Polycentric is a highly market-oriented. Each market is considered unique, that’s why the marketing mix, product strategies, pricing strategies etc is different for each country. Example: Citicorp’s financial services around the world operated on a polycentric basis. James Bailey, one Citicorp executive, offered this description of the company: â€Å"we were like in a medieval state. There was a king and his court, are they in charge? No. The land barons are who were in charge. King and his court may declare this or that, but the lord barons who went and did their thing to their appointed land. With that statement we can interpret that even the owner of company in headquarter stating this and that, but each country has some differences, and we should makes some changes in order to make our company succeed in other country. * Regiocentric (regionally-oriented) Firm treats a region as a uniform market segment and adapts a similar marketing strategy within region but not across region. For examole: Mc Donald not serving pork and slaughter animals through Halal process only in Middle East and some muslim-dominated countries. * Geocentric (world-oriented) The geocentric approach considers the whole world as a single market and attempts to formulate integrated marketing strategies. The firm recognizes both similarities and differences in cultures and markets. Best practices are adopted on a global basis and adapted for local conditions where necessary. Nestle and other multinational company is using geocentric orientation. Colgate Palmolive is an example for a company which using geocentric approach. It has been operating internationally for 50 years and its products are households in more than 170 countries. 2. The practice of each of the entry modes (exporting, licensing, franchising, contract manufacturing, strategic alliances, joint ventures and foreign directt investment) please provide example for each entry strategy done by each local company and international company * Exporting The home company exports their product to host country company/distributor. It is the safest entry strategy to start expanding company overseas. By exporting we would learn the market situation in overseas market. And it is less risky and less cost than to manufactures the goods in host country. The example of exporting is kecap Bango and bumbu Bamboe in European market, especially French. Kecap Bango and bumbu Bamboe export their goods to Indian and Asian store in France. The target market is of course Indonesian consumer who lives there. Another example is Teh Botol in carton pack, it sells its product by helping of Indonesian embassy in Paris, France. * Licensing In licensing the home firm agrees to permit a company in host country to use the manufacturing, processing, trademark, know-how or some other skill provided by the licensor. For example, Coca Cola give license to United Bottlers to make Coke in Zimbabwe. Franchising A home company which using franchising (franchisor), grants another ( a company or individual) the rights to distribute goods or services using franchisor’s brand and system in exchange for fees. Mc Donalds is known to use franchise as its market strategies through the world. In Indonesia, alfamart and indomaret are using franchising as their strategy. But they still using it within Indonesia not overseas. * contract manufacturing In contract manufacturing the firm decide to enter by contracting a manufacture of its product in target market. In example GAP contract manufacture in developing countries to manufacture and sells them. The products can be made to the conditions and specific requirements of the local market * strategic alliances Strategic alliances firm unite with competitor to pursue a set of assented goals remain independent after the formation of the alliance. The partner firms share the benefits of the alliance and the control of the performance of assigned tasks and the partner firms contribute on a continuing basis to one or more key strategic areas. For example, in 2005 Adidas (a German company) announced its acquisition of Reebok. Mr. Herbert Hainer, the CEO of Adidas, expected to cut costs by 125 million Euros in the next three years by sharing information technology, synergies in sales and distribution, and cheaper sourcing. However, the new combined company will continue to run separate headquarters and sales forces, and keep most distribution centers apart * joint ventures In joint ventures the firms in which two or more investors share ownership and control over property rights and operation. In Zimbabwe, Olivine industries have a joint venture agreement with HJ Heinz in food processing. * foreign direct investment The firm makes a direct investment in a production unit in a foreign market. It is the greatest commitment since there is a 100% ownership. The international firm can obtain wholly foreign production facilities in two primary ways; It can make a direct acquisition or merger in the host market and It can also develop its own facilities from the ground up. Multinational company are already using foreign direct investment, like Nestle in many countries in the world including Indonesia, Unilever, etc

Chemistry-soaps And Detergents :: essays research papers

Cleaning with soap and soapless detergents. Detergent comes from the Latin word detergere meaning to clean, it is defined as a cleansing agent. Therefore, water itself is a detergent. This essay looks at soap and soapless (or synthetic) detergents. Both substances we use everyday and have a big market commercially, they effect everyone. Soaps are made from natural products and soapless detergents are produced chemically, each having advantages and disadvantages. Soap has a much longer history than it’s relatively new synthetic version. There is evidence of soap made in Mediterranean countries around 2500 years ago. The basic process has not changed much although now the chemistry is understood. Soap is made from the process called saponification, the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. It is essentially the reverse of esterification. O O R-C-O-R’ + NaOH ---- R-C-O-Na+ + R’OH Ester(fat) + base(caustic soda) ---- salt of fatty acid(soap) + alcohol(glycerol). Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) can be used instead of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide)but is more expensive. The base used to come from wood ash containing potassium carbonate which formed potash as this was not plentiful it made soap a luxury. The cheapest source of the ester is animal and vegetable fats and oils. H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H O H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H O-Na+ This is an example of a soap molecule. The hydrocarbon end is non polar and hydrophilic (water hating) and the carboxylate end is polar and hydrophilic (water loving). This the property which allows it to clean, it acts as an emulsifying agent. The soap disperses in water to form miscelles where a negatively charged surface is formed and hydrocarbon chains are in the centre. These miscelles surround droplets of dirt or grease suspending them in the water so they can be washed away. In soft neutral water soap works very well. However in hard water those containing ions (calcium and magnesium ions) the soap reacts with the ions forming insoluble salts, scum which settles on fabrics and around the bath. A scum is also the result when soap is used in acidic water. Soap is also affected by the nature of the dirt, for example perspiration breaks down the soap reducing the washing power. There are other disadvantages of soap, it deteriorates on storage lacks cleaning power and doesn’t rinse out completely. The production of synthetic detergents are an example of a standard chemical approach. If a useful substance has some undesirable properties an attempt is made to make a near copy synthetically which will perform better.

United States Department of State V. Ray

Marquise Green United States Department of State v. Ray Part I Every year millions of young adults graduate from their respective high schools, pack up their belongings, leave their parental guided homes behind, and set off for college. The first thing that comes to mind when leaving the parents behind is their first true sense of freedom. The freedom to do what they please with no curfew, no guidelines, and no pre-disposed consequences for their actions is the freedom they’ve been working hard throughout the maturing years of their childhood.Upon arrival it seems as though this is the case, but as time passes one realizes that the so called freedom they attained comes with an inherited circumstance. The privacy that you once had in the safety of your home in your bedroom is violated by the inheritance of a roommate and the dorm lifestyle. Some may not have ever had this privacy due to their initial guardians, but the fact remains, that you have to share your space, time, and livelihood with the accompanied male or female assigned. The right to privacy is protected by many laws in our country’s government.Included in these laws is the Freedom of Information Act in which the case at hand regards. In the United States Department of State v. Ray (502 U. S. 164, 112 S. Ct. 541) a group of Haitians seeking political asylum from our government, using the FOIA as a precedent for their reasoning, sought to receive the names and information withheld from them of Haitian emigrants who were previously sent back to Haiti upon arrival to the United States. The State Department in this case was known as the petitioner (plaintiff) and the respondent (defendant) was the Florida lawyer Michael D.Ray representing the Haitian nationals and his clients. In a more detailed summary, it was stated that a group of Haitians depressed with their countries devastations, sought to illegally immigrate to the U. S. seeking asylum as political refugees. As our nation’s g overnment caught attention of the immigrants, they imposed a plan to apprehend and reinsert the immigrants of who did not qualify for political asylum back into Haiti. Fearing the immigrants’ safety from persecution upon arrival, they comprised an agreement with the Haitian government to restrain from persecuting these individuals for their actions.Also, they set forth a series of interviews with the immigrants to follow up on the agreement’s standing. This is where our case’s foreground was cemented. The remaining Haitian nationals known to be the respondents, made a series of FOIA requests to government agencies for copies of the reports of the interviews the State Department held from the returning Haitians. They wanted to prove that there was indeed a fear of prosecution upon returning to Haiti that entitled the immigrants to asylum in the U. S.The problem at hand was that some of the information they received had been redacted or edited before the Haitian n ationals received them. The State Department’s reasoning is that upon assigning the agreement with the Haitian government and the returning immigrants they interviewed, they vowed that they would not disclose any information of their names and whereabouts for their safety due to an invasion of privacy. The respondents argued that the right to privacy is outweighed by public interest and the Freedom of Information Act gives them the right.The following case was settled in the Supreme Court with Justice Stevens delivering the ruling however, let us start with the District Court’s ruling. The District Court sided with the respondents and held that the invasion of privacy in this situation, giving away the names and addresses of the individuals was of little significance and was dominantly outweighed by public interest in the â€Å"safe relocation of returned Haitians. † They ordered the State Department to surrender the redacted information. Upon reaching the Court of Appeals, they too sided with the respondents though they disagreed with some of the pretenses.They first argued that the privacy of the Haitians was indeed significant given the fact that the respondents wanted the information to contact the returned Haitians directly and to question them, and second, that the returnees were previously promised confidentiality from our government. Though they argued these points, the court concluded that â€Å"the indirect benefit of giving respondents the means to locate the Haitian returnees†¦provided a public value that required disclosure. The Supreme Court then granted certiorari. Here lies a more detailed description of the FOIA.One precedent in the case was from John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp. which it stated, â€Å"The Freedom of Information Act was enacted to facilitate public access to Government documents. † In the FOIA there are a series of 9 exemptions to disclosure of this information. These are put in place to ensur e the protection of federal agencies and certain information that shouldn’t be viewed by the public. Specifically in this case, Exemption 6 was used by the State Department stating that â€Å"personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy. Upon further examination of the FOIA and Exemption 6 they lean to the Department of Air Force v. Rose case as a precedent for their decision. The key concept in this exemption which the Court examined is â€Å"†¦a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy. † The main points that the Supreme Court derived its decision from were that first; they felt that public interest had initially been satisfied by the disclosure of the redacted interview summaries, and the unredacted documents would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.They felt that the addition of the redacted files would not give any further information that t he respondents seek. The second, was that the public interest the respondents rely on stems from they might find information outside of the Government files, which inherits â€Å"derivative use† that which the law doesn’t stand for. And finally that the respondents were seeking to attain information with hopes to find evidence that would challenge the integrity of our government officials. The Supreme Court concluded that â€Å"the proposed invasion of the serious privacy interest of the Haitian returnees is clearly unwarranted. With that being said the judgment of the Court of Appeals was reversed. The opinion preceding the decision was made by Justice Scalia and Justice Kennedy concurring in part and in the judgment. They stated that the majority agreed that whether to establish a public interest or to establish an invasion of privacy is impermissible considering derivative uses. They contended that the FOIA would be more sensible if it included â€Å"cause, produc e or lead to† when associating with clearly unwanted invasion of personal privacy.They believed that there shouldn’t have been an argument for Exemption 6. U. S. officials pledged confidentiality knowing that the information regarding the interviews is something that a person would not want to be shared, therefore an invasion of personal privacy. They conclude that there is nothing substantial about the other side’s argument for public interest that can compete, so this is â€Å"clearly unwarranted† and upholds to Exemption 6. Part II In the first case documenting my chosen case as a precedent, Long v. United States Department of Justice (778 F.Supp. 2d 222), petitioners brought action against the Department of Justice attempting to attain records relating to health care providers’ reports of vaccine administration and the reactions of the administration, specifically the vaccine types and dates. The DOJ stated that the reasoning for them withholdin g the information from the public was due to the FOIA’s exemption 6 regarding the personal privacy of the patients. They stated that the information would provide â€Å"specific medical information† about the named individuals.The District Court of New York held however, that even though the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 gives right to health care providers to withhold information, the DOJ had nothing that just justified their decision to withhold the type of vaccine administered or the date of the administration. The Court also stated that the DOJ failed to satisfy the burden of justifying the withholding under Exemption 6. With these findings, the Court initially granted summary judgment in way of the plaintiff and ordered the disclosure of the information.The DOJ then motioned for reconsideration which the Court granted. In reconsideration, the DOJ requested for summary judgment on both the FOIA’s Exemption 3 and 6. First, the DOJ stated that the vaccine types and dates were withheld under Exemption 3, which exempts disclosure by statute, due to statute 300aa-12(d)(4)(A) which prohibits disclosure of this information. The plaintiffs however, argued that the meaning of the word â€Å"information† is too broad and can’t specifically relate to the subject, vaccine types and dates of administration.Further, they contradicted the definition of the word â€Å"information† as defined in the statute to the actual dictionary definition to better prove their position in the argument. Though valid in point, it couldn’t outweigh the substantiality of Exemption 6 in which we find our initial court case as precedent. Exemption 6, stated prior, exempts disclosure of â€Å"personnel and medical files and similar files,† like these, due to a â€Å"clear, unwarranted invasion of privacy. In discussion of Exemption 6, the Court stated that it is set forth to â€Å"protect individuals from the injury and embarrassment that can result from the unnecessary disclosure of personal information. Basically the Court is weighing public interest versus personal privacy like in our original court case. In regards to our previous case’s relevance as a precedent in this case, the vaccine types and dates were linked to docket numbers which revealed the names and medical information of individuals that shouldn’t be disclosed. They quoted United States Dep’t of State v.Ray stating, (â€Å"disclosure of†¦ personal information constitutes only a de minimis invasion of privacy when the identities†¦ are unknown, the invasion of privacy becomes significant when the personal information is linked to particular† individuals). The Court realized that this put the information at risk of invading personal privacy and was the main factor in their final decision. In conclusion the Court ordered the reconsideration of the defendant, vacated the initial motion for summary judgment, and denied the plaintiffs cross-motion to receive the vaccine types and dates of administration.In my second case regarding my chosen case as a precedent, the FOIA’s Exemption 6 was also used to reach a decision. In Sherman v. United States Department of the Army (244 F. 3d 357) action was brought against the army to produce documents relating to service awards. These documents however, included the social security numbers of service personnel. The reasoning for Sherman’s lawsuit was because the Army redacted the SSNs from the documents pursuant to Exemption 6, knowing that this could cause risk for an unwarranted invasion of personnel privacy.The procedure for redaction was relatively expensive and the Army felt that if Sherman wanted the documents he should pay for it. Sherman argued that this was outrageous and that the documents shouldn’t have to be redacted. The U. S. District Court for Southern Texas agreed that this might be a potential personal privacy risk and ruled summary judgment in favor of the Army which later got appealed. In the Court of Appeals is where we find our case’s precedent. There were two main points in which analysis was needed, Sherman’s waiver argument and Exemption 6 balancing.In the waiver argument, Sherman, instead of contesting Exemption 6, argued that the Army uses SSNs publicly in several situations. He used recreational orders and services such as airlines, hotels, and other public organizations. Sherman backed his argument using other cases as precedent and also argued that allowing the Army to withhold material that was already released they will have power to selectively control the power of disclosure for any documents containing SSNs.The Court however, contended that even though the Sherman gave a valid argument that pertains to a group or agency, only the individual whose privacy is protected by Exemption 6 can waiver their individual privacy interests, declining Shermanâ₠¬â„¢s argument. The Court then moved to balancing the sides on the Exemption 6 issue. Basically what they’re doing here is deciding whether the disclosure of SSNs is indeed â€Å"clearly unwarranted† in respects to personal privacy interest. They leaned most of their premise on Congress and the laws that protect personal privacy.In evaluation, they came to the derivative use theory and noticed that certain implications could arise from the disclosure of Sherman’s request. In Justice Scalia’s concurring opinion of United States Department of State v. Ray Scalia states â€Å"†¦solely upon what the requested information reveals, not what it might lead to. † What this means in assessment is that the Army’s claim for defense is because this information could potentially lead to harm to the individuals through the possibility of identity fraud.In the conclusion of the analysis the Court claims that the redaction of the SSNs does not stop the public interest of attaining the award orders. Rather, it protects the individuals from an unwarranted invasion of their personal privacy. In Sherman’s argument he failed to identify that public interest (in the SSNs) would outweigh the personal privacy of the individuals through an unredacted disclosure. The Court reached a decision to affirm the districts court’s summary judgment in favor of the Army.

Mathematics Is Useful

Mathematics Mathematics is Useful Mathematics can benefit everyone in any kind of way. Mathematics is also a necessity. From balancing a checkbook to a simple game of poker, you are using your math skills everywhere. As a cashier, I use my skills every time I go to work. Even though the machine does tell me what change to give back, and what is the total cost of all the products, I have to use my skills to count out the change.I also use my skills when marking down items, putting in coupons, and how much a bag of fruit or meat weighs. I am currently looking for a new phone for my phone plan I have now, I’m using my math skills to calculate how much my phone will be if I do a trade-in. Some more examples of how math is useful in everyday life are calculating a tip, using a recipe, playing pool, building a deck, and investing for retirement. Mathematics is Important Mathematics is essential for science, engineering, and research.Also mathematic proficiency is required for many j obs nowadays. Doing mathematics teaches patterns of problem-solving and insight that transfer to other knowledge domains. The career I chose is the Accounting field, and as you know, Accountants deal with money. Mathematics and accounting go hand in hand, though not as intertwined as people may believe. The purpose of having a strong mathematical background is to increase an accountant's cognitive ability.Many different accounting activities require the use mathematics or mathematical principles. Conclusion Understanding what math abilities are necessary can help individuals prepare for this business process. Accounting activities are full of basic and advanced calculations. These are often necessary to understand what information needs to go into a company's general ledger. Many calculations require basic math principles. Other times, however, many complex issues may require the use of multiple calculations.It is important to have basic math and algebra skills to complete these tas ks and report accurate financial information. References Chartier, T. (December 2012) Math is Everywhere: Applications of Finite Math Retrieved March 26, 2013 from https://www. udemy. com/math-is-everywhere-applications-of-finite-math/ Hobart D. (2007, February 21) What Is the Real Use of Mathematics In Real Life? Retrieved March 26, 2013 from http://www. blurtit. com/q806258. html

University of Phoenix Material Essays (1367 words) - Applied Ethics

University of Phoenix Material Essays (1367 words) - Applied Ethics University of Phoenix Material Codes of Ethics Comparative Chart Instructions Human services professionals often need to make ethical decisions when providing support to clients. Research the organizations in the chart below. Websites for the organizations can be found in Ch. 1 of Issues and Ethics in the Helping Profession. Complete the following tables to compare several organizations and their guidelines about their responsibilities to their clients, their responsibilities to service providers, their attitudes concerning the duty to warn and the duty to protect, and cultural considerations. Responsibility to Client |Organization |Responsibility to client | |National Organization of Human |To recognize and build on client and community strengths. To | |Services (NOHS) |obtain informed consent to provide services, and that the client | | |is aware that they can withdraw consent at any time unless it is | | |court ordered. To keep the clients rights private and to keep them| | |confidential, except when the confidentially has to be broken due | | |to the duty to warn and protect. If it is suspected that danger or| | |harm may come to the client or to others as a result to the | | |client's behavior. Multiple relationships may increase the risk | | |of harm to or exploitation of clients and may impair their | | |professional judgment. Sexual or romantic relationships are | | |prohibited between client and the professional. The human service | | |professionals ensure that their values or biases are not imposed | | |on their clients. The human service professionals ensure to | | |protect the integrity, safety, and security of client records. | | |When using technology they take precautions to ensure and maintain| | |confidentiality and comply with all relevant laws and requirements| | |regarding storing, transmitting, and retrieving data. They also | | |let the client know if they are any issues and concerns related to| | |confidentiality, service issues, and how technology might have a | | |negative or positive impact on the helping relationship. | |American Association for Marriage |They provide care for people without discrimination on the basis | |and Family Therapy (AAMFT) |of race, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, disability, gender,| | |health status, religion origin, sexual orientation, gender | | |identity or relationship status. They obtain appropriate informed | | |consent to therapy related procedures and use language that is | | |reasonably understandable to clients. Sexual Intimacy is | | |prohibited with clients or former clients, with the former clients| | |it is prohibited for two years after the termination of services. | | |The therapists are aware of their influential positions with | | |respect to the clients they avoid exploiting the trust and | | |dependency of such persons. They comply with applicable laws | | |regarding the reporting of alleged unethical conduct, they also do| | |not use their professional relationships to further their own | | |interests. They also respect the rights of clients to make | | |decisions and help them to understand the consequences of those | | |decisions. They continue therapeutic relationships only so long as| | |it is reasonably clear that clients are benefiting from the | | |relationship. Can assist persons in obtaining other therapeutic | | |services if the therapist is unable or unwilling, for appropriate | | |reasons, to provide professional help. The therapists do not | | |abandon or neglect clients in treatment without making reasonable | | |arrangements for the continuation of such treatment. They obtain | | |written informed consent from clients before videotaping, audio | | |recording, or permitting third-party observation. Upon agreeing to| | |provide services to a person or entity at the request of a third | | |party, clarify, to the extent feasible and at the outset of the | | |service, the nature of the relationship with each party and the | | |limits of confidentiality. | |National Association of Social |Social workers respect and promote the right of clients to | |Workers (NASW) |self-determination and assist clients in their efforts to identify| | |and clarify their goals. They will promote the well-being of | | |clients, in general the clients' interests are primary. They | | |should provide only in the context of a professional relationship | | |based, when appropriate, on valid informed consent. They need to | | |make sure that the client understands, and if not they will give a| | |verbal explanation. They also need to inform the client about any | | |third party involvement. They will also have to have the clients | | |consent before videotaping, audiotaping, or observation of | |

Free Essays on Crisis Management

Managers have a critical role to play in these uncertain times. Just as the United States is forming a strategy to combat terrorism, managers need a strategy for helping their companies get through the current crisis. I offer the following 10 steps which is organized under the acronym TAKE CHARGE for managing, motivating and leading your employees in a radically changed work environment: Target fears and anxiety. Employers who act appropriately and provide a supportive workplace will go a long way to improve retention and loyalty after work life begins to return to normal. People traverse through a span of emotions during crisis situations beginning with concerns over their individual safety, their family, their friends, their job and finally their financial security. Managers should have plans to address each of these concerns in order of importance. Accept the fact performance and productivity will drop. People respond differently in crisis situations. People will need to talk more, natural aspect of dealing with tragedy. The more they talk the healthier the organization becomes. Simple expression of concern and help with simple, daily tasks will go a long way to improve productivity. Keep communication open. Meet with staff members at all levels to express grief, as well as to promote available resources and other services. By increasing the use of grief focus groups and town hall meetings can go a long way to helping people deal with the crisis. Keep websites updated and provide a place for people to watch or listen to the news at the workplace. Educate managers and supervisors. Front-line supervisors and middle-management are the back-bone and the first-line of defense. Many companies have alienated their workforce by giving one person the sole responsibility to approve schedule changes, sick leave etc. Calm, confidant and reassuring leadership style. Don’t underestimate the importance of your pers... Free Essays on Crisis Management Free Essays on Crisis Management Managers have a critical role to play in these uncertain times. Just as the United States is forming a strategy to combat terrorism, managers need a strategy for helping their companies get through the current crisis. I offer the following 10 steps which is organized under the acronym TAKE CHARGE for managing, motivating and leading your employees in a radically changed work environment: Target fears and anxiety. Employers who act appropriately and provide a supportive workplace will go a long way to improve retention and loyalty after work life begins to return to normal. People traverse through a span of emotions during crisis situations beginning with concerns over their individual safety, their family, their friends, their job and finally their financial security. Managers should have plans to address each of these concerns in order of importance. Accept the fact performance and productivity will drop. People respond differently in crisis situations. People will need to talk more, natural aspect of dealing with tragedy. The more they talk the healthier the organization becomes. Simple expression of concern and help with simple, daily tasks will go a long way to improve productivity. Keep communication open. Meet with staff members at all levels to express grief, as well as to promote available resources and other services. By increasing the use of grief focus groups and town hall meetings can go a long way to helping people deal with the crisis. Keep websites updated and provide a place for people to watch or listen to the news at the workplace. Educate managers and supervisors. Front-line supervisors and middle-management are the back-bone and the first-line of defense. Many companies have alienated their workforce by giving one person the sole responsibility to approve schedule changes, sick leave etc. Calm, confidant and reassuring leadership style. Don’t underestimate the importance of your pers...

Analysis of Lewis Structures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Lewis Structures - Research Paper Example The following are examples of the structures in a monoatomic form: Lewis structures are also used to indicate bonding in the form of a dash (-) for covalent bonds or a charge (+ or -) for ionic bonds (Schodek and Bechthold 301). Some examples: The bonds that are formed in the polyatomic structures usually have angles. The angles result in molecular geometry, which is best represented experimentally with the use of balls and sticks. The bonding angles that are involved in the analysis include linear, tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, trigonal planar, or bent. These are the geometries used in the Lewis structure experiments, though there are other geometric formations, where the structure does not adhere to the octet rule. Experimental Use The experimental representation of the Lewis structure requires the use of the following materials: A ball that has four holes, to be used as the central atom Inflexible sticks or straws for the single bonds a Flexible sticks or connectors for the dou ble or triple bonds The lone pairs around the central atom requires inflexible sticks NB: the balls used should be different in color as well as size to ease the representation of the elements and the electrons, with the central ball preferably larger. Arranging the experimental balls requires adherence to the guidelines for arranging the atoms, electrons, and bonds in the structures. Guidelines Involved In Using the Structures The rules in the experimental process of producing the Lewis structures follow these steps: 1. Draw the dot and structure diagram of the molecules or ions in question. For this step, knowledge on the bonds formed, their angles as well as geometry is important. The arrangement of the elements in the molecules is first established at this point. The central atom has to be established, the central atom, the element that holds most of the bonds is the structure. The following step to get involved into is the calculation of the valence bonds that are involved in t he bond formation, for a molecule (Schodek and Bechthold 501). The individual atoms and their configuration have to be considered in this case. The periodic table of elements is handy at this stage. The follow-up is the identification of bonds, following the octet rule i.e. a stable atom has to obtain a stable gas configuration in bond formation. 2. Determination of the overall and molecular geometry of the dot structure Using the knowledge of the geometry of formation, only as the octet rule applies, studying the dot structure allows inception of whether the structure is a linear, tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, trigonal planar, or bent formation. The main concept regarding the bond formation and geometry is the bond angles, which are 180 ° for the linear, 120 ° for the trigonal planar, 109.5 ° for the tetrahedral, 90 °, 120 ° and 180 ° for the trigonal by pyramidal, 90 ° and 180 ° for the Octahedral, etc (Schodek and Bechthold 492).  Ã‚  

Working in Teams Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Working in Teams - Research Paper Example This paper describes the work in team and compares it with individual work. Teamwork has lately become one of the most essential ways in which work is being organized as organizations are increasingly delegating work responsibilities to work groups rather than individuals. Structural changes at the workplace such as the implementation of teams are more likely to increase efficiency while encouraging workers to work harder and smarter. Working in teams does yield better results over the efforts of any one individual because when a group of people works together actively, all their skills are harnessed effectively, thereby leading to the achievement of a common purpose. Individuals in the group are more confident about their abilities and are more willing to contribute their ideas because they will be enriched through the team member’s input. Unlike teams, individuals working on their own are often under pressure to perform that they may end up making simple mistakes that could easily avoided when working in teams. The team players can tolerate twice as much pressure as individuals working independently in rowing games. This analogy can as well be extended in a general team context, to explain that the pain threshold of individuals working in teams is much higher than that of independent workers, and this enables them to overcome challenges that come with work. In that respect, working in teams increases individuals’ competence to handle tasks as the members often build each other’s capacity with the sole purpose of enhancing the overall group performance.